can improve decisions without banning alternatives. Critics contend that choice architecture can manipulate people while allowing officials to avoid harder structural reforms. The criticism is strongest when nudges are hidden, difficult to escape, or presented as substitutes for adequate wages, services, or regulation. It does not follow that all defaults are illegitimate: no form or website is neutral in its arrangement. Nudges are most defensible when the goal is public, the mechanism is transparent, opting out is easy, and the intervention supplements rather than masks substantive policy. What position does the author take on behavioral nudges?