A study of social capital measured generalized trust through surveys, counted participants' organizational ties, and observed reciprocal help in a neighborhood task. The researchers distinguished bonding ties within close groups from bridging ties across different groups. Some residents had many organizational contacts but low generalized trust, while others trusted broadly despite belonging to few formal associations. Because trust can encourage participation and participation can also build trust, the study does not assign a single causal direction between the measures. The study's framework or findings include all of the following EXCEPT: