Classification of Matter: Classify substances and mixtures, distinguish elements and compounds, and interpret particle diagrams for pure and mixed samples. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Units 1 and 3; CCSS RST.11-12.2 and HSN-Q.A.1 - Classification of Matter Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Units 1 and 3; CCSS RST.11-12.2 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5), (7); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.2; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1; MA STE chemistry matter standards; GA and VA matter standards.

Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes: Distinguish physical properties, chemical properties, physical changes, and chemical changes using evidence from observations and particle-level reasoning. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Units 1 and 3; CCSS RST.11-12.2 and HSN-Q.A.1 - Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Units 1 and 3; CCSS RST.11-12.2 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5), (7); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.2; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1; MA STE chemistry matter standards; GA and VA matter standards.

Atomic Theory and Historical Evidence: Explain how experimental evidence from conservation of mass, cathode rays, gold foil scattering, and spectroscopy refined atomic models. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1 - Atomic Theory and Historical Evidence Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5)-(6); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.3-8.4; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-1; GA Chemistry atomic-structure standards; VA Chemistry atomic theory standards.

Subatomic Particles, Ions, and Nuclear Notation: Determine protons, neutrons, electrons, charge, mass number, atomic number, and isotope notation for atoms and ions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1 - Subatomic Particles, Ions, and Nuclear Notation Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5)-(6); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.3-8.4; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-1; GA Chemistry atomic-structure standards; VA Chemistry atomic theory standards.

Isotopes and Average Atomic Mass: Calculate weighted average atomic mass from isotopic abundance and connect isotopic composition to periodic-table values. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1 - Isotopes and Average Atomic Mass Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5)-(6); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.3-8.4; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-1; GA Chemistry atomic-structure standards; VA Chemistry atomic theory standards.

Electromagnetic Radiation and Atomic Spectra: Relate wavelength, frequency, energy, and line spectra to electron energy transitions and evidence for quantized energy levels. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1 - Electromagnetic Radiation and Atomic Spectra Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5)-(6); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.3-8.4; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-1; GA Chemistry atomic-structure standards; VA Chemistry atomic theory standards.

Quantum Model and Electron Configurations: Use energy levels, sublevels, orbitals, and electron configuration rules to describe electron arrangement in atoms and ions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1 - Quantum Model and Electron Configurations Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5)-(6); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.3-8.4; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-1; GA Chemistry atomic-structure standards; VA Chemistry atomic theory standards.

Orbital Diagrams and Valence Electrons: Construct orbital diagrams and identify valence electrons, unpaired electrons, and core electrons for representative elements and transition metals. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1 - Orbital Diagrams and Valence Electrons Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5)-(6); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.3-8.4; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-1; GA Chemistry atomic-structure standards; VA Chemistry atomic theory standards.

Periodic Table Organization: Use periods, groups, blocks, metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and families to organize elements and infer basic properties. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1 - Periodic Table Organization Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5)-(6); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.3-8.4; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-1; GA Chemistry atomic-structure standards; VA Chemistry atomic theory standards.

Periodic Trends and Coulombic Attraction: Predict and explain atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, and electron affinity using nuclear charge, shielding, and distance. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1 - Periodic Trends and Coulombic Attraction Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5)-(6); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.3-8.4; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-1; GA Chemistry atomic-structure standards; VA Chemistry atomic theory standards.

Chemical Families and Reactivity Patterns: Compare alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, transition metals, and metalloids using valence electrons and reactivity patterns. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1 - Chemical Families and Reactivity Patterns Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5)-(6); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.3-8.4; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-1; GA Chemistry atomic-structure standards; VA Chemistry atomic theory standards.

Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Ionization Evidence: Interpret photoelectron spectroscopy peaks to infer electron configuration, sublevel energies, and relative effective nuclear charge. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1 - Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Ionization Evidence Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5)-(6); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.3-8.4; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-1; GA Chemistry atomic-structure standards; VA Chemistry atomic theory standards.

Nuclear Stability and Neutron-Proton Ratios: Use neutron-proton ratios, band-of-stability reasoning, and isotope data to predict relative nuclear stability. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1 - Nuclear Stability and Neutron-Proton Ratios Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(14); FL SC.912.P.10.12; NY/CA/NJ HS-PS1-8; GA nuclear standards; VA nuclear chemistry standards.

Model Limitations in Atomic Structure: Compare Bohr, quantum mechanical, nuclear, and electron-cloud models and explain which model best fits a given context or evidence set. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1 - Model Limitations in Atomic Structure Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1; AP Chem Unit 1; Pre-AP Unit 1; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and RST.11-12.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(5)-(6); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.3-8.4; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-1; GA Chemistry atomic-structure standards; VA Chemistry atomic theory standards.

Common Ions and Polyatomic Ions: Recognize common monatomic and polyatomic ions, their charges, names, and formulas as a basis for writing compounds. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6 - Common Ions and Polyatomic Ions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7)-(9); FL SC.912.P.8.7, P.8.9; MA HS-PS1-9(MA); GA Chemistry formula/stoichiometry standards; VA Chemistry nomenclature/mole standards.

Ionic Formulas and Charges: Write neutral ionic formulas by balancing cation and anion charges, including compounds with transition metals and polyatomic ions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6 - Ionic Formulas and Charges Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7)-(9); FL SC.912.P.8.7, P.8.9; MA HS-PS1-9(MA); GA Chemistry formula/stoichiometry standards; VA Chemistry nomenclature/mole standards.

Ionic Nomenclature: Name binary ionic compounds, transition-metal compounds, and polyatomic-ion compounds using accepted naming rules. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6 - Ionic Nomenclature Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7)-(9); FL SC.912.P.8.7, P.8.9; MA HS-PS1-9(MA); GA Chemistry formula/stoichiometry standards; VA Chemistry nomenclature/mole standards.

Covalent Formula Writing and Naming: Use prefixes and molecular naming conventions to name binary covalent compounds and translate between names and formulas. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6 - Covalent Formula Writing and Naming Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7)-(9); FL SC.912.P.8.7, P.8.9; MA HS-PS1-9(MA); GA Chemistry formula/stoichiometry standards; VA Chemistry nomenclature/mole standards.

Acids, Bases, Hydrates, and Naming Exceptions: Name and write formulas for common acids, bases, hydrates, and compounds that require special naming conventions.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6 - Acids, Bases, Hydrates, and Naming Exceptions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7)-(9); FL SC.912.P.8.7, P.8.9; MA HS-PS1-9(MA); GA Chemistry formula/stoichiometry standards; VA Chemistry nomenclature/mole standards.

The Mole and Avogadro's Number: Use the mole as a counting unit to connect particles, formula units, atoms, molecules, and macroscopic amounts. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6 - The Mole and Avogadro's Number Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7)-(9); FL SC.912.P.8.7, P.8.9; MA HS-PS1-9(MA); GA Chemistry formula/stoichiometry standards; VA Chemistry nomenclature/mole standards.

Molar Mass and Particle-Mass Conversions: Calculate molar mass and convert among mass, moles, particles, and number of atoms within a chemical formula. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6 - Molar Mass and Particle-Mass Conversions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7)-(9); FL SC.912.P.8.7, P.8.9; MA HS-PS1-9(MA); GA Chemistry formula/stoichiometry standards; VA Chemistry nomenclature/mole standards.

Percent Composition: Determine percent composition by mass from formulas or experimental data and connect composition to compound identity.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6 - Percent Composition Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7)-(9); FL SC.912.P.8.7, P.8.9; MA HS-PS1-9(MA); GA Chemistry formula/stoichiometry standards; VA Chemistry nomenclature/mole standards.

Empirical and Molecular Formulas: Determine empirical and molecular formulas from percent composition, mass data, combustion data, or molar mass information. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks - NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6 - Empirical and Molecular Formulas Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7)-(9); FL SC.912.P.8.7, P.8.9; MA HS-PS1-9(MA); GA Chemistry formula/stoichiometry standards; VA Chemistry nomenclature/mole standards.

Formula Interpretation and Conservation of Atoms: Interpret subscripts, coefficients, and formula units to connect chemical formulas with atom counts and conservation of matter. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6 - Formula Interpretation and Conservation of Atoms Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Units 1 and 4; Pre-AP Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7)-(9); FL SC.912.P.8.7, P.8.9; MA HS-PS1-9(MA); GA Chemistry formula/stoichiometry standards; VA Chemistry nomenclature/mole standards.

Bond Types and Electronegativity: Predict ionic, polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, and metallic bonding based on electronegativity, electron transfer, and electron sharing. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1 - Bond Types and Electronegativity Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.6; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-2/3; GA Chemistry bonding standards; VA Chemistry bonding standards.

Ionic Bonding, Lattice Energy, and Ionic Solids: Explain formation, structure, brittleness, conductivity, melting point, and solubility trends of ionic substances using Coulombic attraction. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1 - Ionic Bonding, Lattice Energy, and Ionic Solids Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.6; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-2/3; GA Chemistry bonding standards; VA Chemistry bonding standards.

Covalent Bonds, Bond Order, and Bond Energy: Compare single, double, and triple bonds and relate bond order to bond length, bond strength, and potential energy. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1 - Covalent Bonds, Bond Order, and Bond Energy Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.6; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-2/3; GA Chemistry bonding standards; VA Chemistry bonding standards.

Metallic Bonding, Alloys, and Conductivity: Explain metallic bonding, delocalized electrons, conductivity, malleability, ductility, and properties of alloys. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks - NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. Standard crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.6; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-2/3; GA Chemistry bonding standards; VA Chemistry bonding standards.

Lewis Structures and Octet Rules: Draw and interpret Lewis structures for atoms, ions, and molecules using valence electrons, octet rules, and bonding pairs/lone pairs.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1 - Lewis Structures and Octet Rules Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.6; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-2/3; GA Chemistry bonding standards; VA Chemistry bonding standards.

Formal Charge, Expanded Octets, and Exceptions: Evaluate Lewis structures using formal charge and identify valid exceptions such as radicals, incomplete octets, and expanded octets. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1 - Formal Charge, Expanded Octets, and Exceptions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.6; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-2/3; GA Chemistry bonding standards; VA Chemistry bonding standards.

Resonance and Delocalized Electrons: Represent resonance structures and explain how delocalized electrons affect bond lengths, stability, and molecular properties. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1 - Resonance and Delocalized Electrons Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.6; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-2/3; GA Chemistry bonding standards; VA Chemistry bonding standards.

VSEPR Molecular Geometry: Predict electron-domain geometry, molecular geometry, and bond angles from Lewis structures and VSEPR repulsion patterns. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1 - VSEPR Molecular Geometry Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.6; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-2/3; GA Chemistry bonding standards; VA Chemistry bonding standards.

Molecular Polarity: Determine molecular polarity from bond polarity, geometry, symmetry, and net dipole reasoning. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1 - Molecular Polarity Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.6; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-2/3; GA Chemistry bonding standards; VA Chemistry bonding standards.

Structure-Property Relationships: Connect chemical structure and bonding to melting point, boiling point, conductivity, hardness, solubility, and reactivity. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1 - Structure-Property Relationships Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.6; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-2/3; GA Chemistry bonding standards; VA Chemistry bonding standards.

Bonding Models and Potential Energy Diagrams: Interpret potential energy curves for bond formation and compare attractive and repulsive forces at different internuclear distances.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1 - Bonding Models and Potential Energy Diagrams Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-1, HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 2; Pre-AP Unit 2; CCSS RST.11-12.7 and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7); MA HS.CHEM.1.1; FL SC.912.P.8.6; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-2/3; GA Chemistry bonding standards; VA Chemistry bonding standards.

Designed Materials and Molecular Structure: Explain how molecular structure informs the design and performance of materials such as polymers, ceramics, semiconductors, and composites.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications - Designed Materials and Molecular Structure Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(4); CA/NY/NJ engineering and Earth-human connections; MA/FL/GA/VA applied STEM practices.

Types of Intermolecular Forces: Identify London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole attractions, hydrogen bonding, and ion-dipole interactions in substances and mixtures. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID - Types of Intermolecular Forces Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7), (10), (11); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.6; NY HS-PS1-9/10 connections; MA/CA/NJ chemistry structure-property standards; GA/VA states and gas standards.

IMF Strength and Bulk Properties: Predict boiling point, melting point, viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure, and volatility from particle attractions and structure. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID - IMF Strength and Bulk Properties Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7), (10), (11); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.6; NY HS-PS1-9/10 connections; MA/CA/NJ chemistry structure-property standards; GA/VA states and gas standards.

Solids, Liquids, and Gases at the Particle Level: Compare particle arrangement, motion, energy, volume, shape, density, and compressibility across phases of matter. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID - Solids, Liquids, and Gases at the Particle Level Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7), (10), (11); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.6; NY HS-PS1-9/10 connections; MA/CA/NJ chemistry structure-property standards; GA/VA states and gas standards.

Heating and Cooling Curves: Interpret heating and cooling curves, plateaus, phase changes, heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, and temperature-energy relationships. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4 - Heating and Cooling Curves Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(13); FL SC.912.P.10.4, P.10.6; MA/CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1 energy standards; GA and VA thermochemistry/energy standards.

Phase Diagrams and Phase Change Conditions: Use phase diagrams to identify phases, normal boiling and melting points, triple point, critical point, and effects of pressure/temperature changes. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID - Phase Diagrams and Phase Change Conditions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7), (10), (11); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.6; NY HS-PS1-9/10 connections; MA/CA/NJ chemistry structure-property standards; GA/VA states and gas standards.

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases: Use kinetic molecular theory to explain pressure, temperature, volume, diffusion, effusion, and assumptions of ideal-gas behavior. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID - Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7), (10), (11); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.6; NY HS-PS1-9/10 connections; MA/CA/NJ chemistry structure-property standards; GA/VA states and gas standards.

Boyle's, Charles's, Gay-Lussac's, and Combined Gas Laws: Apply gas-law relationships to predict pressure, volume, and temperature changes under controlled conditions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID - Boyle's, Charles's, Gay-Lussac's, and Combined Gas Laws Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7), (10), (11); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.6; NY HS-PS1-9/10 connections; MA/CA/NJ chemistry structure-property standards; GA/VA states and gas standards.

Ideal Gas Law and Molar Volume: Use PV = nRT and molar volume relationships to calculate gas amount, molar mass, density, pressure, volume, or temperature. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID - Ideal Gas Law and Molar Volume Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7), (10), (11); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.6; NY HS-PS1-9/10 connections; MA/CA/NJ chemistry structure-property standards; GA/VA states and gas standards.

Dalton's Law and Gas Mixtures: Calculate partial pressures and total pressure in gas mixtures, including gases collected over water. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID - Dalton's Law and Gas Mixtures Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7), (10), (11); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.6; NY HS-PS1-9/10 connections; MA/CA/NJ chemistry structure-property standards; GA/VA states and gas standards.

Gas Stoichiometry: Use balanced equations with gas laws or molar volume to solve reaction problems involving gaseous reactants or products. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Gas Stoichiometry Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Real Gases and Ideal-Gas Assumptions: Predict deviations from ideal behavior using particle volume, intermolecular attractions, high pressure, and low temperature. Aligned to NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID. National: NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7), (10), (11); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.6; NY HS-PS1-9/10 connections; MA/CA/NJ chemistry structure-property standards; GA/VA states and gas standards.

Colligative Properties: Explain and calculate boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure using solute particle concentration. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID - Colligative Properties Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-3; AP Chem Unit 3; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(7), (10), (11); FL SC.912.P.8.1, P.8.6; NY HS-PS1-9/10 connections; MA/CA/NJ chemistry structure-property standards; GA/VA states and gas standards.

Chemical Equations and Symbol Meaning: Interpret formulas, coefficients, states of matter, reaction arrows, and conditions in symbolic chemical equations. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Chemical Equations and Symbol Meaning Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Balancing Equations and Conservation of Mass: Balance chemical equations and connect coefficients to atom conservation, molecule ratios, and mole ratios. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Balancing Equations and Conservation of Mass Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Reaction Classification: Classify synthesis, decomposition, single-replacement, double-replacement, combustion, acid-base, precipitation, and redox reactions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Reaction Classification Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Predicting Products of Reactions: Use reaction type, activity series, solubility rules, and common reaction patterns to predict likely products. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Predicting Products of Reactions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Combustion and Hydrocarbon Reactions: Predict and balance complete and incomplete combustion reactions and connect combustion to energy and environmental impacts. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Combustion and Hydrocarbon Reactions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Aqueous Ionic Compounds and Solubility Rules: Use solubility rules to identify soluble and insoluble ionic compounds in water and predict precipitate formation. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Aqueous Ionic Compounds and Solubility Rules Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Precipitation Reactions and Net Ionic Equations: Write complete ionic and net ionic equations and identify spectator ions for precipitation reactions.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Precipitation Reactions and Net Ionic Equations Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Acid-Base and Gas-Forming Reactions: Predict products and net ionic equations for neutralization and gas-forming reactions in aqueous solution. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks - AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1 - Acid-Base and Gas-Forming Reactions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(12); FL SC.912.P.8.8 and acid-base benchmarks; MA chemistry acid-base standards; GA and VA acids/bases/solutions standards; CA/NY/NJ chemistry connections.

Mole Ratios and Stoichiometric Reasoning: Use balanced equations to connect amounts of reactants and products through mole ratios. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Mole Ratios and Stoichiometric Reasoning Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Mass-Mass and Mole-Mass Stoichiometry: Solve stoichiometric problems that convert among grams, moles, particles, and chemical equation coefficients. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Mass-Mass and Mole-Mass Stoichiometry Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Limiting and Excess Reactants: Identify the limiting reactant, determine excess reactant remaining, and predict maximum product formed. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Limiting and Excess Reactants Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Percent Yield, Theoretical Yield, and Actual Yield: Calculate theoretical yield, actual yield, percent yield, and evaluate causes of yield loss or error. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Percent Yield, Theoretical Yield, and Actual Yield Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Concentration, Molarity, and Solution Preparation: Calculate molarity, solution volume, solute mass, and procedural steps for preparing solutions from solids. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Concentration, Molarity, and Solution Preparation Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Dilutions and Serial Dilutions: Use dilution relationships and proportional reasoning to determine concentration or volume in single and serial dilutions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Dilutions and Serial Dilutions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Solution Stoichiometry and Titration Stoichiometry: Use balanced equations and molarity to calculate unknown concentration or amount in reactions involving solutions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Solution Stoichiometry and Titration Stoichiometry Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Particle-Level Reaction Models: Use particle diagrams to show conservation of atoms, limiting reactants, products formed, and species remaining after reaction. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6 - Particle-Level Reaction Models Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-2, HS-PS1-7; AP Chem Unit 4; Pre-AP Unit 4; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3, MP2, MP6. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9), (11), (12); FL SC.912.P.8.7-8.10; MA HS-PS1-9(MA), HS-PS1-10(MA); CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-7; GA/VA reaction and stoichiometry standards.

Systems, Surroundings, Heat, and Work: Distinguish system and surroundings and explain heat, temperature, work, internal energy, and energy transfer in chemical processes. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4 - Systems, Surroundings, Heat, and Work Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(13); FL SC.912.P.10.4, P.10.6; MA/CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1 energy standards; GA and VA thermochemistry/energy standards.

Exothermic and Endothermic Processes: Identify exothermic and endothermic changes using signs of enthalpy, heat flow, temperature changes, and energy diagrams. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4 - Exothermic and Endothermic Processes Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(13); FL SC.912.P.10.4, P.10.6; MA/CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1 energy standards; GA and VA thermochemistry/energy standards.

Energy Diagrams and Activation Energy: Interpret reaction coordinate diagrams for reactants, products, transition states, intermediates, activation energy, and overall enthalpy change. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4 - Energy Diagrams and Activation Energy Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(13); FL SC.912.P.10.4, P.10.6; MA/CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1 energy standards; GA and VA thermochemistry/energy standards.

Specific Heat and Calorimetry: Calculate heat transfer using q = mcDeltaT, calorimeter data, specific heat, mass, and temperature change. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4 - Specific Heat and Calorimetry Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(13); FL SC.912.P.10.4, P.10.6; MA/CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1 energy standards; GA and VA thermochemistry/energy standards.

Enthalpy and Thermochemical Equations: Write and interpret thermochemical equations, molar enthalpy values, and heat changes proportional to reaction amount. Aligned to NGSS, AP Chemistry, CCSS, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4 - Enthalpy and Thermochemical Equations Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(13); FL SC.912.P.10.4, P.10.6; MA/CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1 energy standards; GA and VA thermochemistry/energy standards.

Hess's Law: Use Hess's Law to combine reactions and calculate overall enthalpy changes from known reaction enthalpies. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4 - Hess's Law Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(13); FL SC.912.P.10.4, P.10.6; MA/CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1 energy standards; GA and VA thermochemistry/energy standards.

Bond Energies and Enthalpy of Reaction: Estimate reaction enthalpy from bond energies and compare energy required to break bonds with energy released forming bonds. Aligned to NGSS, AP Chemistry, CCSS, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4 - Bond Energies and Enthalpy of Reaction Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(13); FL SC.912.P.10.4, P.10.6; MA/CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1 energy standards; GA and VA thermochemistry/energy standards.

Entropy and Disorder: Explain entropy qualitatively and predict entropy changes based on phase, particle number, temperature, and dispersal of matter or energy. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4 - Entropy and Disorder Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(13); FL SC.912.P.10.4, P.10.6; MA/CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1 energy standards; GA and VA thermochemistry/energy standards.

Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity: Use DeltaG, DeltaH, DeltaS, and temperature to predict thermodynamic favorability and connect spontaneity to reaction conditions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4 - Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(13); FL SC.912.P.10.4, P.10.6; MA/CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1 energy standards; GA and VA thermochemistry/energy standards.

Thermodynamic Favorability and Temperature: Analyze how temperature changes can alter reaction favorability and equilibrium for endothermic and exothermic processes. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4 - Thermodynamic Favorability and Temperature Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-4; AP Chem Units 6 and 9; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1-4. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(13); FL SC.912.P.10.4, P.10.6; MA/CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1 energy standards; GA and VA thermochemistry/energy standards.

Energy, Fuels, and Climate-Relevant Chemistry: Apply thermochemical reasoning to fuels, batteries, phase-change materials, greenhouse gases, and energy-resource tradeoffs. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications - Energy, Fuels, and Climate-Relevant Chemistry Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(4); CA/NY/NJ engineering and Earth-human connections; MA/FL/GA/VA applied STEM practices.

Collision Theory and Reaction Rate Factors: Explain how concentration, temperature, surface area, orientation, and catalysts affect reaction rate through particle collisions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A - Collision Theory and Reaction Rate Factors Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A. State frameworks: TX TEKS reaction-rate expectations; FL SC.912.P.8.8 connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-5; MA chemistry reaction-rate standards; GA/VA kinetics standards.

Reaction Rate from Data: Determine average reaction rate from concentration-time, pressure-time, mass-time, or color/absorbance data. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A - Reaction Rate from Data Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A. State frameworks: TX TEKS reaction-rate expectations; FL SC.912.P.8.8 connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-5; MA chemistry reaction-rate standards; GA/VA kinetics standards.

Rate Laws and Reaction Orders: Interpret rate laws, reaction order, rate constants, and units of k for experimentally determined rate relationships. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A - Rate Laws and Reaction Orders Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A. State frameworks: TX TEKS reaction-rate expectations; FL SC.912.P.8.8 connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-5; MA chemistry reaction-rate standards; GA/VA kinetics standards.

Method of Initial Rates: Use initial-rate data to determine reaction orders, rate laws, and rate constants for chemical reactions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A - Method of Initial Rates Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A. State frameworks: TX TEKS reaction-rate expectations; FL SC.912.P.8.8 connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-5; MA chemistry reaction-rate standards; GA/VA kinetics standards.

Integrated Rate Laws: Use zero-, first-, and second-order integrated rate laws to relate concentration and time. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A - Integrated Rate Laws Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A. State frameworks: TX TEKS reaction-rate expectations; FL SC.912.P.8.8 connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-5; MA chemistry reaction-rate standards; GA/VA kinetics standards.

Half-Life in First-Order Processes: Use first-order half-life relationships to determine time, remaining amount, rate constant, or fraction decomposed. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A - Half-Life in First-Order Processes Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A. State frameworks: TX TEKS reaction-rate expectations; FL SC.912.P.8.8 connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-5; MA chemistry reaction-rate standards; GA/VA kinetics standards.

Arrhenius Equation and Temperature Effects: Relate activation energy, temperature, and rate constant using qualitative or quantitative Arrhenius reasoning. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A - Arrhenius Equation and Temperature Effects Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A. State frameworks: TX TEKS reaction-rate expectations; FL SC.912.P.8.8 connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-5; MA chemistry reaction-rate standards; GA/VA kinetics standards.

Catalysts and Reaction Pathways: Explain how catalysts alter mechanisms and lower activation energy without changing overall reaction enthalpy or equilibrium position. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A - Catalysts and Reaction Pathways Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A. State frameworks: TX TEKS reaction-rate expectations; FL SC.912.P.8.8 connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-5; MA chemistry reaction-rate standards; GA/VA kinetics standards.

Reaction Mechanisms and Rate-Determining Steps: Evaluate proposed reaction mechanisms, intermediates, catalysts, elementary steps, and consistency with an observed rate law. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: NGSS HS-PS1-5; AP Chem Unit 5; CCSS HSS-ID and HSA-CED.A. National and state crosswalk: TX TEKS reaction-rate expectations; FL SC.912.P.8.8 connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-5; MA chemistry reaction-rate standards; GA/VA kinetics standards.

Dynamic Equilibrium: Describe equilibrium as equal forward and reverse reaction rates with constant macroscopic concentrations in a closed system. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID - Dynamic Equilibrium Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS equilibrium/solutions connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-6; MA chemistry equilibrium standards; FL/GA/VA chemistry equilibrium and solubility standards.

Equilibrium Constant Expressions: Write and interpret Kc and Kp expressions and determine whether products or reactants are favored. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID - Equilibrium Constant Expressions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS equilibrium/solutions connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-6; MA chemistry equilibrium standards; FL/GA/VA chemistry equilibrium and solubility standards.

Reaction Quotient and Direction of Shift: Use Q compared with K to predict whether a reaction shifts toward products or reactants before equilibrium is reached. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID - Reaction Quotient and Direction of Shift Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS equilibrium/solutions connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-6; MA chemistry equilibrium standards; FL/GA/VA chemistry equilibrium and solubility standards.

ICE Tables and Equilibrium Calculations: Set up and solve equilibrium problems using initial, change, and equilibrium relationships for concentrations or pressures. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID - ICE Tables and Equilibrium Calculations Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS equilibrium/solutions connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-6; MA chemistry equilibrium standards; FL/GA/VA chemistry equilibrium and solubility standards.

Le Chatelier's Principle: Predict equilibrium shifts from changes in concentration, pressure/volume, temperature, and addition of catalysts or inert gases.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID - Le Chatelier's Principle Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS equilibrium/solutions connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-6; MA chemistry equilibrium standards; FL/GA/VA chemistry equilibrium and solubility standards.

Solubility Equilibrium and Ksp: Use Ksp and common-ion reasoning to analyze saturation, precipitation, dissolution, and molar solubility. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID - Solubility Equilibrium and Ksp Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-6; AP Chem Unit 7; CCSS HSA-CED.A.1-4 and HSS-ID. State frameworks: TX TEKS equilibrium/solutions connections; CA/NY/NJ HS-PS1-6; MA chemistry equilibrium standards; FL/GA/VA chemistry equilibrium and solubility standards.

Acid-Base Models: Compare Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions and apply each model to chemical reactions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1 - Acid-Base Models Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(12); FL SC.912.P.8.8 and acid-base benchmarks; MA chemistry acid-base standards; GA and VA acids/bases/solutions standards; CA/NY/NJ chemistry connections.

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases: Distinguish strong and weak acids/bases from concentration, degree of ionization, equilibrium, conductivity, and molecular identity. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1 - Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(12); FL SC.912.P.8.8 and acid-base benchmarks; MA chemistry acid-base standards; GA and VA acids/bases/solutions standards; CA/NY/NJ chemistry connections.

pH, pOH, and Ion Concentration: Calculate and interpret pH, pOH, hydrogen ion concentration, hydroxide ion concentration, and acidity/basicity. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1 - pH, pOH, and Ion Concentration Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(12); FL SC.912.P.8.8 and acid-base benchmarks; MA chemistry acid-base standards; GA and VA acids/bases/solutions standards; CA/NY/NJ chemistry connections.

Ka, Kb, pKa, and pKb: Use acid and base ionization constants to compare strength, calculate equilibrium concentrations, and interpret pKa/pKb trends. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1 - Ka, Kb, pKa, and pKb Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(12); FL SC.912.P.8.8 and acid-base benchmarks; MA chemistry acid-base standards; GA and VA acids/bases/solutions standards; CA/NY/NJ chemistry connections. Multiple-choice items can present numeric data and require correct setup, units, significant figures, and answer selection for ka, kb, pka, and pkb.

Acid Strength, Molecular Structure, and Periodic Trends: Predict relative acid strength using bond polarity, bond strength, electronegativity, resonance, and oxyacid structure. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1 - Acid Strength, Molecular Structure, and Periodic Trends Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(12); FL SC.912.P.8.8 and acid-base benchmarks; MA chemistry acid-base standards; GA and VA acids/bases/solutions standards; CA/NY/NJ chemistry connections.

Buffers and Henderson-Hasselbalch Reasoning: Analyze buffer composition, pH, buffer capacity, and response to added acid or base using conceptual and quantitative reasoning. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1 - Buffers and Henderson-Hasselbalch Reasoning Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(12); FL SC.912.P.8.8 and acid-base benchmarks; MA chemistry acid-base standards; GA and VA acids/bases/solutions standards; CA/NY/NJ chemistry connections. Multiple-choice items can present numeric data and require correct setup, units, significant figures, and answer selection for buffers and Henderson-Hasselbalch reasoning.

Titration Curves and Equivalence Points: Interpret titration curves for strong/weak acid-base combinations and identify equivalence points, half-equivalence points, and pH regions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks; AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1 - Titration Curves and Equivalence Points Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(12); FL SC.912.P.8.8 and acid-base benchmarks; MA chemistry acid-base standards; GA and VA acids/bases/solutions standards; CA/NY/NJ chemistry connections.

Indicator Selection: Select appropriate indicators based on transition range, titration-curve shape, and equivalence-point pH. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1 - Indicator Selection Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(12); FL SC.912.P.8.8 and acid-base benchmarks; MA chemistry acid-base standards; GA and VA acids/bases/solutions standards; CA/NY/NJ chemistry connections.

Polyprotic Acids and Amphiprotic Species: Analyze species that donate or accept more than one proton and interpret stepwise ionization or amphiprotic behavior. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks - AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1 - Polyprotic Acids and Amphiprotic Species Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 8; NGSS HS-PS1-2 and HS-PS1-7 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(12); FL SC.912.P.8.8 and acid-base benchmarks; MA chemistry acid-base standards; GA and VA acids/bases/solutions standards; CA/NY/NJ chemistry connections.

Acid-Base Applications in Water, Biology, and Industry: Apply acid-base chemistry to water quality, antacids, blood buffering, agriculture, manufacturing, and environmental systems. Aligned to NGSS, Common Core ELA/Literacy, AP Chemistry, Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications - Acid-Base Applications in Water, Biology, and Industry Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(4); CA/NY/NJ engineering and Earth-human connections; MA/FL/GA/VA applied STEM practices.

Oxidation States and Electron Transfer: Assign oxidation numbers and identify oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and electron transfer. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks - AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2 - Oxidation States and Electron Transfer Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2. State frameworks: MA HS-PS1-10(MA); FL SC.912.P.8.10; TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9); GA and VA oxidation-reduction/electrochemistry standards; CA/NY/NJ engineering-energy connections.

Balancing Redox Equations: Balance redox equations in acidic or basic solution using half-reaction methods and conservation of mass and charge. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2 - Balancing Redox Equations Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2. State frameworks: MA HS-PS1-10(MA); FL SC.912.P.8.10; TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9); GA and VA oxidation-reduction/electrochemistry standards; CA/NY/NJ engineering-energy connections.

Galvanic Cells: Describe anodes, cathodes, salt bridges, electron flow, ion movement, cell notation, and spontaneous redox in galvanic cells. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2 - Galvanic Cells Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2. State frameworks: MA HS-PS1-10(MA); FL SC.912.P.8.10; TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9); GA and VA oxidation-reduction/electrochemistry standards; CA/NY/NJ engineering-energy connections.

Standard Reduction Potentials and Cell Voltage: Use standard reduction potential tables to calculate standard cell potential and predict spontaneity. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2 - Standard Reduction Potentials and Cell Voltage Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2. State frameworks: MA HS-PS1-10(MA); FL SC.912.P.8.10; TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9); GA and VA oxidation-reduction/electrochemistry standards; CA/NY/NJ engineering-energy connections.

Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis: Explain nonspontaneous redox processes driven by electrical energy and distinguish electrolytic from galvanic cells. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2 - Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2. State frameworks: MA HS-PS1-10(MA); FL SC.912.P.8.10; TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9); GA and VA oxidation-reduction/electrochemistry standards; CA/NY/NJ engineering-energy connections.

Nernst Equation and Nonstandard Conditions: Use qualitative or quantitative Nernst reasoning to predict how concentration changes affect cell potential.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2 - Nernst Equation and Nonstandard Conditions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2. State frameworks: MA HS-PS1-10(MA); FL SC.912.P.8.10; TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9); GA and VA oxidation-reduction/electrochemistry standards; CA/NY/NJ engineering-energy connections.

Faraday's Laws and Quantitative Electrolysis: Calculate moles of electrons, charge, current, time, and mass plated or produced in electrolysis. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks - AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2 - Faraday's Laws and Quantitative Electrolysis Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Unit 9; NGSS HS-PS1-7 and HS-ETS1-2 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A.1-3 and HSA-CED.A.2. State frameworks: MA HS-PS1-10(MA); FL SC.912.P.8.10; TX TEKS 112.43(c)(9); GA and VA oxidation-reduction/electrochemistry standards; CA/NY/NJ engineering-energy connections.

Batteries, Corrosion, and Energy Storage: Apply electrochemical principles to batteries, fuel cells, corrosion prevention, metal plating, and energy-storage design. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks - NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications - Batteries, Corrosion, and Energy Storage Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(4); CA/NY/NJ engineering and Earth-human connections; MA/FL/GA/VA applied STEM practices.

Nuclear Notation and Decay Modes: Interpret nuclear symbols and identify alpha, beta-minus, beta-plus, positron emission, electron capture, and gamma radiation. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1 - Nuclear Notation and Decay Modes Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(14); FL SC.912.P.10.12; NY/CA/NJ HS-PS1-8; GA nuclear standards; VA nuclear chemistry standards.

Balanced Nuclear Equations: Balance nuclear equations by conserving mass number and atomic number and identifying missing particles or nuclides.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1 - Balanced Nuclear Equations Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(14); FL SC.912.P.10.12; NY/CA/NJ HS-PS1-8; GA nuclear standards; VA nuclear chemistry standards.

Half-Life and Radioactive Decay Models: Use half-life models, decay curves, and exponential reasoning to determine remaining sample, elapsed time, or activity. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1 - Half-Life and Radioactive Decay Models Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(14); FL SC.912.P.10.12; NY/CA/NJ HS-PS1-8; GA nuclear standards; VA nuclear chemistry standards.

Fission, Fusion, and Mass-Energy Concepts: Compare fission and fusion, chain reactions, mass defect, binding energy, and conditions required for nuclear processes. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1 - Fission, Fusion, and Mass-Energy Concepts Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(14); FL SC.912.P.10.12; NY/CA/NJ HS-PS1-8; GA nuclear standards; VA nuclear chemistry standards.

Nuclear Applications, Benefits, and Risks: Evaluate nuclear chemistry applications in medicine, power generation, dating, tracers, security, and radiation safety. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1 - Nuclear Applications, Benefits, and Risks Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(14); FL SC.912.P.10.12; NY/CA/NJ HS-PS1-8; GA nuclear standards; VA nuclear chemistry standards.

Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions: Compare chemical and nuclear reactions in terms of particles involved, energy change, conservation, isotopes, and transmutation. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1 - Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-PS1-8; AP Chem nuclear chemistry connections; CCSS HSS-ID.C and HSN-Q.A.1. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(14); FL SC.912.P.10.12; NY/CA/NJ HS-PS1-8; GA nuclear standards; VA nuclear chemistry standards.

Spectroscopy Overview: Describe how spectroscopy uses interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation to identify substances and infer structure. Aligned to AP Chemistry, NGSS SEPs, CCSS, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks - AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9 - Spectroscopy Overview Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(1)-(4); MA HS-PS1-11(MA); FL/GA/VA inquiry and data-analysis standards; CA/NY/NJ science practices.

Beer-Lambert Law: Use absorbance, path length, molar absorptivity, and concentration relationships to determine unknown concentration. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9 - Beer-Lambert Law Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(1)-(4); MA HS-PS1-11(MA); FL/GA/VA inquiry and data-analysis standards; CA/NY/NJ science practices. Multiple-choice items can present numeric data and require correct setup, units, significant figures, and answer selection for beer-lambert law.

Calibration Curves and Analytical Data: Construct and interpret calibration curves, linear relationships, unknown samples, residuals, and sources of uncertainty. Aligned to AP Chemistry, NGSS SEPs, CCSS, and state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9 - Calibration Curves and Analytical Data Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(1)-(4); MA HS-PS1-11(MA); FL/GA/VA inquiry and data-analysis standards; CA/NY/NJ science practices.

Titrimetric Analysis and Experimental Design: Plan and analyze titrations with indicators or probes, replicates, endpoint/equivalence-point distinctions, and concentration calculations. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9 - Titrimetric Analysis and Experimental Design Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(1)-(4); MA HS-PS1-11(MA); FL/GA/VA inquiry and data-analysis standards; CA/NY/NJ science practices.

Chromatography and Separation Techniques: Explain separation by polarity, intermolecular attraction, particle size, boiling point, or affinity for stationary/mobile phases. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9 - Chromatography and Separation Techniques Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(1)-(4); MA HS-PS1-11(MA); FL/GA/VA inquiry and data-analysis standards; CA/NY/NJ science practices.

Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Evidence: Interpret mass spectra to identify isotopes, relative abundance, molecular fragments, and molecular mass patterns. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9 - Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Evidence Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(1)-(4); MA HS-PS1-11(MA); FL/GA/VA inquiry and data-analysis standards; CA/NY/NJ science practices.

Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Atomic Structure: Use PES data as evidence for shell/subshell structure, relative orbital energies, and effective nuclear charge. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9 - Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Atomic Structure Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(1)-(4); MA HS-PS1-11(MA); FL/GA/VA inquiry and data-analysis standards; CA/NY/NJ science practices.

Chemical Databases and Reference Data: Use reference sources such as safety databases, thermodynamic tables, spectra, and chemical property databases appropriately. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9 - Chemical Databases and Reference Data Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: AP Chem Units 1, 3, 8, 9 and Science Practices 1-6; NGSS SEPs; CCSS HSS-ID, HSA-CED.A, WHST.11-12.7-9. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(1)-(4); MA HS-PS1-11(MA); FL/GA/VA inquiry and data-analysis standards; CA/NY/NJ science practices.

Organic Chemistry Foundations and Functional Groups: Recognize hydrocarbons, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, polymers, and functional-group effects on properties. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications - Organic Chemistry Foundations and Functional Groups Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(4); CA/NY/NJ engineering and Earth-human connections; MA/FL/GA/VA applied STEM practices.

Polymers and Materials Chemistry: Explain monomers, polymers, cross-linking, structure-property relationships, recycling challenges, and designed-material tradeoffs. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications - Polymers and Materials Chemistry Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(4); CA/NY/NJ engineering and Earth-human connections; MA/FL/GA/VA applied STEM practices.

Water Treatment and Environmental Chemistry: Apply solution, acid-base, precipitation, oxidation-reduction, and equilibrium ideas to water quality and treatment processes. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(4); CA/NY/NJ engineering and Earth-human connections; MA/FL/GA/VA applied STEM practices.

Green Chemistry and Design Tradeoffs: Evaluate chemical processes using safety, atom economy, energy use, waste, toxicity, cost, and environmental impact. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications - Green Chemistry and Design Tradeoffs Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS HS-ETS1-2, HS-ESS3-4, and HS-PS1 connections; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9 and WHST.11-12.1-2; AP Chem cross-unit applications. State frameworks: TX TEKS 112.43(c)(4); CA/NY/NJ engineering and Earth-human connections; MA/FL/GA/VA applied STEM practices.

Patterns Across the Periodic Table and Reactions: Use periodic trends to predict bonding, reactivity, ion formation, reaction products, and properties across multiple units.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6 - Patterns Across the Periodic Table and Reactions Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6. State frameworks: Cumulative crosswalk to TX TEKS, CA/NY/NJ NGSS-aligned standards, MA STE, FL NGSSS, GA GSE, and VA SOL Chemistry..

Cause and Effect in Chemical Systems: Trace causal mechanisms connecting structure, energy, collisions, equilibrium, and macroscopic observations. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks; NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6 - Cause and Effect in Chemical Systems Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6. State frameworks: Cumulative crosswalk to TX TEKS, CA/NY/NJ NGSS-aligned standards, MA STE, FL NGSSS, GA GSE, and VA SOL Chemistry.

Systems, Scale, and Model Boundaries: Choose appropriate system boundaries and scales, from subatomic particles to laboratory samples and environmental systems. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6 - Systems, Scale, and Model Boundaries Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6. State frameworks: Cumulative crosswalk to TX TEKS, CA/NY/NJ NGSS-aligned standards, MA STE, FL NGSSS, GA GSE, and VA SOL Chemistry.

Energy and Matter Conservation Across Units: Apply conservation of atoms, charge, energy, and mass across stoichiometry, thermochemistry, electrochemistry, and nuclear chemistry.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6 - Energy and Matter Conservation Across Units Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6. State frameworks: Cumulative crosswalk to TX TEKS, CA/NY/NJ NGSS-aligned standards, MA STE, FL NGSSS, GA GSE, and VA SOL Chemistry.

Graph/Table/Data Stimulus Multiple-Choice: Interpret graphs, tables, lab results, and experimental data to answer chemistry questions using evidence. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6 - Graph/Table/Data Stimulus Multiple-Choice Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6. State frameworks: Cumulative crosswalk to TX TEKS, CA/NY/NJ NGSS-aligned standards, MA STE, FL NGSSS, GA GSE, and VA SOL Chemistry.

Particle-Diagram and Representation-Based Multiple-Choice: Analyze particle diagrams, Lewis structures, reaction diagrams, phase diagrams, titration curves, and cell diagrams. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6 - Particle-Diagram and Representation-Based Multiple-Choice Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6. State frameworks: Cumulative crosswalk to TX TEKS, CA/NY/NJ NGSS-aligned standards, MA STE, FL NGSSS, GA GSE, and VA SOL Chemistry. Multiple-choice items can use particle diagrams, models, tables, or representations to identify, compare, or predict particle-diagram and representation-based multiple-choice.

Quantitative Multi-Step Multiple-Choice: Solve multi-step chemistry calculations and select the correct numerical answer, setup, unit, or reasoning path. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS, AP Chemistry/Pre-AP Chemistry, and representative state chemistry framework crosswalks: NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6 - Quantitative Multi-Step Multiple-Choice Chemistry Standards Crosswalk: National: NGSS SEPs/CCCs and HS-PS1-1 through HS-PS1-8; CCSS RST.11-12.7-9; HSN-Q.A.1-3; AP Chem Science Practices 1-6. State frameworks: Cumulative crosswalk to TX TEKS, CA/NY/NJ NGSS-aligned standards, MA STE, FL NGSSS, GA GSE, and VA SOL Chemistry.