Read Instrument Scales and Convert Units - Which option best shows Read thermometers, balances, and cylinders to the correct scale and convert within metric/customary systems as needed? (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: 5.MD.A.1)

Conductors and Insulators (State Extension) - Which data display or measurement best shows Test and classify materials as electrical or thermal conductors or insulators using simple circuits or temperature change data; connect to real-world uses? (State extensions: TEKS Grade 5 Force, Motion and Energy; SOL Grade 5; CCSS: MP.4)

Density as a Property (Enrichment) - Which data display or measurement best shows how mass and volume measurements to reason qualitatively about density and floating/sinking; relate to material identification? (IXL topic alignment; CCSS: MP.2, MP.4)

Particle Motion and Temperature (Enrichment) - Which statement best explains how qualitatively how particle motion increases with temperature and affects state and volume in gases? (NGSS DCI: PS3.A connection; CCSS: RI.5.4)

Gravity Acts Toward Earth’s Center - Which evidence best supports the claim with evidence that Earth’s gravitational force on objects is directed toward Earth’s center? (downward from any location). (NGSS 5-PS2-1; DCI: PS2.B; SEP: Engaging in Argument from Evidence; CCC: Cause and Effect; CCSS: W.5.1)

Distinguish Mass and Weight Qualitatively - Which statement best explains how qualitatively that weight is the effect of gravity on mass and that on Earth objects fall toward the ground; avoid calculations beyond grade expectation? (NGSS 5-PS2-1 boundary; CCSS: RI.5.4)

Model Gravity in Diagrams - Which model or diagram best represents diagrams with force arrows to show the direction of gravitational pull on objects at different places on Earth and near Earth? (NGSS 5-PS2-1; SEP: Developing and Using Models; CCSS: SL.5.5)

Noncontact Forces: Magnetism (State Extension) - Which statement best shows Observe magnetic attraction and repulsion and relate field strength to distance; compare with gravity as noncontact forces? (State extensions: TEKS Grade 5; SOL Grade 5; CCSS: MP.2)

Describe Speed and Motion Qualitatively - Which statement best shows how everyday examples to describe changes in speed and direction and the role of pushes and pulls; avoid formulas beyond grade level? (NGSS Practices; CCSS: RI.5.3)

Claims, Evidence, and Reasoning about Gravity - Which evidence best shows expresses short written arguments that connect observations? (e.g., falling objects) to the claim that gravity acts downward everywhere on Earth. (NGSS 5-PS2-1; CCSS: W.5.1)

Magnet Interactions and Variables (State Extension) - Which data display or measurement best tests how fair tests that vary distance or material between magnets and measure the effect; record and graph results? (State extensions: TEKS/SOL; CCSS: 5.MD.B.2)

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces (Enrichment) - Which statement best explains how outcomes when forces on an object are balanced versus unbalanced using everyday examples? (IXL topic alignment; CCSS: RI.5.3)

Energy in Food Originates from the Sun - Which model or diagram best shows how describe that the energy in animals’ food was once energy from the sun that plants captured, then transferred through organisms? (NGSS 5-PS3-1; DCI: PS3.D, LS1.C; SEP: Developing and Using Models; CCC: Energy and Matter; CCSS: RI.5.7, SL.5.5)

Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Which statement best explains how how energy flows from producers to consumers and decomposers, and why energy decreases across trophic levels? (NGSS 5-PS3-1 connections; 5-LS2-1; CCC: Energy and Matter; CCSS: RI.5.7)

Diagram Food Chains and Food Webs - Which model or diagram best represents labeled food chains and webs using correct arrow direction to represent energy transfer among organisms and the environment? (NGSS 5-LS2-1; SEP: Developing and Using Models; CCSS: SL.5.5)

Forms of Energy in Everyday Contexts (State Extension) - Which example best identifies and give examples of light, sound, electrical, and thermal energy and simple energy transformations? (State extensions: TEKS; SOL; CCSS: RI.5.4)

Test Materials for Heat Transfer - Which plan or investigation best tests how and conduct investigations to compare how different materials affect heating and cooling; argue for best insulators/conductors? (NGSS Practices; 5-PS1-3 property links; CCSS: W.5.1, MP.4)

Energy Changes during Phase Changes - Which statement best shows Interpret heating–cooling curves qualitatively to describe energy gain or loss without changing mass? (NGSS 5-PS1-2 connections; CCSS: 5.MD.B.2)

Photosynthesis as Matter and Energy Transformation - Which model or diagram best shows how simple word-equation model to show how plants use carbon dioxide and water with light to make sugars and oxygen? (NGSS 5-PS3-1; 5-LS1-1; CCSS: RI.5.3)

Interpret Energy Flow Diagrams and Graphs - Which model or diagram best shows Read and explain diagrams or bar charts that track energy sources and transfers in ecosystems and devices? (NGSS 5-PS3-1; CCSS: RI.5.7)

Thermal Conductors versus Insulators - Which example best classifies common materials by their thermal behavior and propose uses? (e.g., cookware, building materials) based on data. (IXL topic alignment; CCSS: MP.4)

Write a Claim about the Sun as the Source - Which model or diagram best shows expresses and revise a clear claim, supported by evidence from models and readings, that the sun is the ultimate energy source for most food webs? (NGSS 5-PS3-1; CCSS: W.5.1)

Arrow Direction in Food Webs - Which model or diagram best explains how why arrows point from food to eater? (energy direction), not the other way; correct common misconceptions. (NGSS 5-LS2-1; CCSS: SL.5.4)

Evaluate Energy Source Claims - Which claim best best supports claims in media about energy sources? (e.g., ‘energy drinks’) using evidence and scientific reasoning. (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: RI.5.8)

Plant Growth from Air and Water - Which plan or investigation best supports the claim that plants get the materials they need for growth chiefly from air? (carbon dioxide) and water, not primarily from soil. (NGSS 5-LS1-1; DCI: LS1.C; SEP: Engaging in Argument from Evidence; CCC: Energy and Matter; CCSS: W.5.1, RI.5.1)

Model Movement of Matter in Ecosystems - Which model or diagram best shows how that trace matter? (atoms) among plants, animals, decomposers, and the environment; distinguish matter from energy. (NGSS 5-LS2-1; DCI: LS2.A, LS2.B; CCC: Systems and System Models; Energy and Matter; CCSS: RI.5.7)

Role of Decomposers - Which model or diagram best explains how and model how decomposers recycle matter to the environment and close matter cycles? (NGSS 5-LS2-1; CCSS: RI.5.3)

Photosynthesis Inputs and Outputs Diagram - Which model or diagram best represents a labeled diagram that shows inputs? (carbon dioxide, water, light) and outputs (sugars, oxygen) for photosynthesis. (NGSS 5-PS3-1; 5-LS1-1; CCSS: SL.5.5)

Populations, Resources, and Interdependence - Which option best explains scenarios to predict how changes in resources or organisms affect populations and ecosystem balance? (NGSS 5-LS2-1 connections; CCC: Stability and Change; CCSS: RI.5.3)

Structures and Functions for Survival (State Extension) - Which plan or investigation best explains how plant and animal structures to functions? (e.g., roots, beaks, fur) and how they aid survival in environments. (State extensions: TEKS, SOL, CPALMS; CCSS: RI.5.4)

Human Body Systems Overview (State Extension) - Which example best identifies major human body systems and basic functions; connect systems to energy and matter needs? (State extensions: TEKS, SOL; CCSS: RI.5.3)

Ecosystem Stability and Change - Which option best shows how examples? (invasive species, habitat restoration) to describe how ecosystems change and how feedback can stabilize or disrupt systems. (NGSS CCC: Stability and Change; CCSS: RI.5.9)

Design and Conduct a Plant Growth Investigation - Which plan or investigation best tests how? (light, water, soil type), collect data over time, and present results to support claims about growth factors. (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: W.5.7, 5.MD.B.2)

Food Chains versus Food Webs (Complexity) - Which statement best shows Compare simple chains to complex webs and explain why webs better represent ecosystem interactions? (NGSS 5-LS2-1; CCSS: RI.5.7)

Matter versus Energy in Food Webs - Which model or diagram best shows Track where MATTER cycles and where ENERGY flows and dissipates; use color coding in diagrams to avoid conflation? (NGSS 5-LS2-1; CCC: Energy and Matter; CCSS: SL.5.5)

Use Data Tables for Biomass or Growth - Which data display or measurement best shows Organize biomass or growth data and compute simple differences and averages to support explanations? (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: 5.MD.B.2, MP.2)

Control Variables in Life Science Experiments - Which plan or investigation best identifies independent, dependent, and control variables in plant or decomposer investigations; justify choices? (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: W.5.2)

Sun Appears Brightest Due to Distance - Which evidence best supports the claim that the Sun appears much brighter than other stars because it is far closer to Earth; distinguish apparent from actual size? (NGSS 5-ESS1-1; DCI: ESS1.A; SEP: Engaging in Argument from Evidence; CCC: Scale, Proportion and Quantity; Patterns; CCSS: W.5.1, RI.5.8)

Patterns of Shadows, Day and Night, and Seasonal Stars - Which data display or measurement best shows Collect, graph, and interpret data on daily shadow lengths and directions, day-night cycles, and seasonal appearance of some stars? (NGSS 5-ESS1-2; DCI: ESS1.B; SEP: Analyzing and Interpreting Data; CCC: Patterns; CCSS: MP.2, 5.MD.B.2, RI.5.7)

Earth’s Rotation and Day–Night - Which model or diagram best shows how explain that Earth’s rotation causes day and night and apparent motion of the Sun across the sky? (NGSS 5-ESS1-2; CCSS: SL.5.5)

Seasonal Visibility of Stars - Which statement best explains how why some constellations are visible only in certain seasons; relate to Earth’s revolution around the Sun? (NGSS 5-ESS1-2; CCC: Patterns; CCSS: RI.5.7)

Phases of the Moon (State Extension) - Which model or diagram best shows how physical or digital model to sequence moon phases and relate them to the relative positions of Earth, Moon, and Sun? (State extensions: TEKS, SOL; CCSS: SL.5.5)

Scale of the Solar Neighborhood - Which statement best explains why qualitatively about enormous distances between stars; compare distances to illustrate why most stars look dim from Earth? (NGSS 5-ESS1-1; CCC: Scale, Proportion and Quantity)

Read and Interpret Star Maps - Which option best shows how simple star charts to locate seasonal constellations and navigate cardinal directions? (NGSS 5-ESS1-2; CCSS: RI.5.7)

Plot a Constellation on a Coordinate Plane - Which option best shows Plot points that form a constellation and read coordinates to discuss scale and position? (Math connection; CCSS: 5.G.A.2)

Write a Persuasive Explanation of Star Brightness - Which plan or investigation best shows expresses a short, evidence-based explanation that brightness differences are due to distance, not size? (NGSS 5-ESS1-1; CCSS: W.5.1)

Address Common Space Misconceptions - Which example best identifies and correct misconceptions? (e.g., seasons caused by distance from the Sun) using models and data. (NGSS 5-ESS1-2; CCSS: RI.5.8)

Measure and Graph Shadow Data - Which data display or measurement best shows Measure shadow length and direction at different times; create graphs and describe patterns? (NGSS 5-ESS1-2; CCSS: 5.MD.B.2)

Sundials and Apparent Solar Motion (Enrichment) - Which option best shows Build or use a simple sundial to connect solar position to timekeeping? (NGSS 5-ESS1-2; CCSS: SL.5.5)

Frame of Reference in Sky Observations - Which statement best explains how how Earth’s rotation makes the Sun and stars appear to move east-to-west across the sky? (NGSS 5-ESS1-2; CCSS: RI.5.4)

Model Interactions among Geosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Atmosphere - Which model or diagram best shows how using examples? (e.g., roots weathering rock, flooding moving soil) to describe how Earth’s systems interact. (NGSS 5-ESS2-1; DCI: ESS2.A; SEP: Developing and Using Models; CCC: Systems and System Models; CCSS: RI.5.7, SL.5.5)

Describe and Graph Earth’s Water Distribution - Which data display or measurement best shows Calculate and graph the amounts and percentages of saltwater and freshwater in Earth’s reservoirs to explain water availability? (NGSS 5-ESS2-2; DCI: ESS2.C; SEP: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking; CCC: Scale, Proportion and Quantity; CCSS: MP.4, 5.MD.B.2)

Water Cycle Processes and Pathways - Which model or diagram best represents a process diagram that traces evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and storage; link to energy from the Sun and gravity? (NGSS 5-ESS2-1 connections; CCC: Energy and Matter; CCSS: RI.5.7)

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition (State Extension) - Which evidence best describes how how water and wind shape landforms over time and interpret evidence in local landscapes? (State extensions: SOL, TEKS, MA STE; CCSS: RI.5.3)

Soil Formation and Conservation (State Extension) - Which statement best explains how the roles of weathering, organic matter, and time in forming soil and evaluate simple conservation practices? (State extensions; CCSS: RI.5.4)

Community Solutions to Protect Resources and Environment - Which plan or investigation best best summarizes information about how communities conserve water, reduce waste, and restore habitats; present an action plan? (NGSS 5-ESS3-1; DCI: ESS3.C; SEP: Obtaining, Evaluating and Communicating Information; CCC: Stability and Change; CCSS: W.5.2, SL.5.4)

Natural Hazards and Preparedness (State Extension) - Which option best shows Research local natural hazards? (floods, wildfires, storms) and explain evidence-based ways to mitigate risk. (State extensions; CCSS: RI.5.9)

Watersheds and Groundwater Models - Which model or diagram best shows how watershed or groundwater flow models to explain how water moves through a landscape and into aquifers? (NGSS 5-ESS2-2 connections; CCSS: SL.5.5)

Read Maps and Data Sets about Water Resources - Which data display or measurement best shows Interpret maps, pie charts, and graphs showing freshwater availability and usage patterns; explain implications for people and ecosystems? (NGSS 5-ESS2-2; CCSS: RI.5.7, MP.4)

Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources - Which example best classifies resources and evaluate trade-offs in energy and material choices; connect to local and global issues? (State extensions: CPALMS/NGSSS, TEKS; CCSS: RI.5.9)

Compute Simple Percentages for Water Distribution - Which statement best shows Calculate percentage breakdowns of water reservoirs and compare across regions; explain findings? (NGSS 5-ESS2-2; CCSS: 5.NF, MP.4)

Line Plots and Bar Graphs for Weather and Water - Which data display or measurement best represents line plots and bar graphs to show precipitation, temperature, or streamflow over time; describe trends? (NGSS Practices; CCSS: 5.MD.B.2)

Evaluate and Compare Community Solutions - Which comparison best shows how decision matrix to compare solutions? (cost, impact, feasibility) and justify a recommendation. (NGSS 5-ESS3-1; 3–5-ETS1-2; CCSS: W.5.1)

Define Design Problems with Criteria and Constraints - Which example best shows Define a simple design problem solvable by engineering; identify success criteria and constraints? (materials, time, cost). (NGSS 3–5-ETS1-1; SEP: Asking Questions and Defining Problems; CCC: Systems and System Models; CCSS: W.5.7, MP.4)

Generate and Compare Multiple Solutions - Which example best shows Brainstorm several designs and compare how well each meets criteria and constraints; select the most promising approach? (NGSS 3–5-ETS1-2; CCSS: SL.5.4, W.5.1)

Plan and Conduct Fair Tests; Iterate - Which model or diagram best tests how fair tests that control variables, identify failure points, and use results to improve a model or prototype? (NGSS 3–5-ETS1-3; SEP: Planning and Carrying Out Investigations; CCC: Cause and Effect; CCSS: MP.2, 5.MD.B.2)

Communicate Designs with Diagrams and Data - Which model or diagram best represents labeled sketches, flow diagrams, and tables to communicate designs and test results to an audience? (NGSS Practices; CCSS: SL.5.5, W.5.2)

Justify a Solution with Claims, Evidence, and Reasoning - Which plan or investigation best expresses an argument that defends a chosen solution with clear evidence from tests and trade-off analysis? (NGSS 3–5-ETS1-2; CCSS: W.5.1)

Prototype with Simple Materials - Which plan or investigation best shows Safely construct and refine prototypes using available materials; document iterations and rationales? (NGSS Practices; CCSS: W.5.6)

Analyze Failure Points and Improvements - Which example best identifies where and why a design did not meet criteria; propose targeted improvements? (NGSS 3–5-ETS1-3; CCSS: RI.5.8)

Ethics, Safety, and Responsible Design - Which plan or investigation best shows Discuss safety, environmental impact, and ethical use when designing and testing solutions? (NGSS Practices; CCSS: SL.5.1)

Team Roles and Collaboration - Which option best shows Practice roles? (facilitator, recorder, materials manager) and collaboration norms; reflect on teamwork. (NGSS Practices; CCSS: SL.5.1)

Present a Design Pitch - Which plan or investigation best tests how and deliver a structured presentation that explains problem, criteria, solution, evidence, and next steps? (NGSS Practices; CCSS: SL.5.4–5)

Ask Testable Questions and Make Hypotheses - Which data display or measurement best shows Pose questions that can be investigated and propose testable hypotheses grounded in prior knowledge? (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: W.5.7)

Plan Variables and Repeated Trials - Which example best identifies independent/dependent variables, controls, and repetition to increase confidence in results? (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: W.5.2)

Collect and Organize Data with Units - Which model or diagram best shows how tables with labeled units; ensure consistent measurement practices and note sources of error? (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: 5.MD.A.1)

Graph Data Clearly (Bar, Line, Line Plot) - Which data display or measurement best shows Choose the best graph type for the question, label axes with units, and describe patterns and outliers? (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: 5.MD.B.2, MP.2)

Analyze and Interpret Data - Which model or diagram best represents evidence-based conclusions from data; distinguish correlation from causation at an age-appropriate level? (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: RI.5.8)

Construct Explanations and Arguments - Which plan or investigation best shows expresses explanations and arguments that link claims to evidence with clear reasoning and relevant scientific principles? (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: W.5.1–2)

Obtain, Evaluate, and Communicate Information - Which comparison best shows Gather information from text, visuals, and multimedia; evaluate credibility; communicate findings orally and in writing? (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: RI.5.1, SL.5.4)

Laboratory Safety Symbols and Procedures - Which plan or investigation best shows Interpret common safety symbols and create a class safety contract; practice safe habits in all investigations? (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: SL.5.1)

Scientific Drawings and Technical Diagrams - Which model or diagram best represents scaled, labeled scientific drawings? (e.g., apparatus, models, field sketches) that accurately represent observations. (NGSS SEPs; CCSS: SL.5.5)

Evaluate the Limits and Uses of Models - Which model or diagram best explains how what a model shows well and where it falls short? (e.g., scale, hidden parts), and how to select or improve models. (NGSS SEPs; CCC: Systems and System Models)