Physics - Select a Category
Domain A - Science and Engineering Practices, Measurement, and Data Literacy (12.1-12.10)
Scientific Questions, Claims, and Evidence: Select the testable question, claim, or evidence statement that best matches a physics phenomenon, investigation, or model. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.1 - Scientific Questions, Claims, and Evidence: NGSS SEPs and CCCs; HS-ETS1-1/2/3; CCSS RST.11-12.1, RST.11-12.7, WHST.11-12.7-9; CCSS Math HSN-Q.A, HSS-ID, MP2/MP4/MP6; AP Physics Science Practices; TX TEKS Physics PHYS.1-PHYS.5 / §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1; VA SOL PH.1; MA/CA/NY science and engineering practices.
Variables, Controls, and Fair Tests: Identify independent, dependent, and controlled variables; select the design that isolates one physical relationship. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.2 - Variables, Controls, and Fair Tests: NGSS SEPs and CCCs; HS-ETS1-1/2/3; CCSS RST.11-12.1, RST.11-12.7, WHST.11-12.7-9; CCSS Math HSN-Q.A, HSS-ID, MP2/MP4/MP6; AP Physics Science Practices; TX TEKS Physics PHYS.1-PHYS.5 / §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1; VA SOL PH.1; MA/CA/NY science and engineering practices.
Measurement, SI Units, and Uncertainty: Choose the measurement, unit, significant-figure statement, or uncertainty interpretation that best fits a lab situation. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.3 - Measurement, SI Units, and Uncertainty: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS SEPs and CCCs; HS-ETS1-1/2/3; CCSS RST.11-12.1, RST.11-12.7, WHST.11-12.7-9; CCSS Math HSN-Q.A, HSS-ID, MP2/MP4/MP6; AP Physics Science Practices; TX TEKS Physics PHYS.1-PHYS.5 / §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1; VA SOL PH.1; MA/CA/NY science and engineering practices.
Data Tables, Graphs, and Best-Fit Lines: Interpret data displays; select the graph, slope, intercept, trend, or best-fit statement that is most strongly supported. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.4 - Data Tables, Graphs, and Best-Fit Lines: NGSS SEPs and CCCs; HS-ETS1-1/2/3; CCSS RST.11-12.1, RST.11-12.7, WHST.11-12.7-9; CCSS Math HSN-Q.A, HSS-ID, MP2/MP4/MP6; AP Physics Science Practices; TX TEKS Physics PHYS.1-PHYS.5 / §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1; VA SOL PH.1; MA/CA/NY science and engineering practices.
Accuracy, Precision, Error, and Percent Difference: Determine whether data are accurate or precise and select the correct percent error or source-of-error conclusion.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.5 - Accuracy, Precision, Error, and Percent Difference: NGSS SEPs and CCCs; HS-ETS1-1/2/3; CCSS RST.11-12.1, RST.11-12.7, WHST.11-12.7-9; CCSS Math HSN-Q.A, HSS-ID, MP2/MP4/MP6; AP Physics Science Practices; TX TEKS Physics PHYS.1-PHYS.5 / §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1; VA SOL PH.1; MA/CA/NY science and engineering practices.
Model Assumptions and Limitations: Identify which assumptions simplify a physical model and which limitation affects how far a conclusion can be generalized. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.6 - Model Assumptions and Limitations: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS SEPs and CCCs; HS-ETS1-1/2/3; CCSS RST.11-12.1, RST.11-12.7, WHST.11-12.7-9; CCSS Math HSN-Q.A, HSS-ID, MP2/MP4/MP6; AP Physics Science Practices; TX TEKS Physics PHYS.1-PHYS.5 / §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1; VA SOL PH.1; MA/CA/NY science and engineering practices.
Proportional Reasoning in Physical Systems: Select the proportional, inverse, squared, or inverse-square relationship that best represents a physics equation or data pattern. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.7 - Proportional Reasoning in Physical Systems: NGSS SEPs and CCCs; HS-ETS1-1/2/3; CCSS RST.11-12.1, RST.11-12.7, WHST.11-12.7-9; CCSS Math HSN-Q.A, HSS-ID, MP2/MP4/MP6; AP Physics Science Practices; TX TEKS Physics PHYS.1-PHYS.5 / §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1; VA SOL PH.1; MA/CA/NY science and engineering practices.
Computational Models and Simulations: Choose the simulation setting, parameter change, or model output that correctly tests a prediction about a physical system. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.8 - Computational Models and Simulations: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS SEPs and CCCs; HS-ETS1-1/2/3; CCSS RST.11-12.1, RST.11-12.7, WHST.11-12.7-9; CCSS Math HSN-Q.A, HSS-ID, MP2/MP4/MP6; AP Physics Science Practices; TX TEKS Physics PHYS.1-PHYS.5 / §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1; VA SOL PH.1; MA/CA/NY science and engineering practices.
Engineering Criteria, Constraints, and Trade-Offs: Select the design improvement or test plan that best satisfies criteria, constraints, safety, cost, and performance evidence. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.9 - Engineering Criteria, Constraints, and Trade-Offs: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS SEPs and CCCs; HS-ETS1-1/2/3; CCSS RST.11-12.1, RST.11-12.7, WHST.11-12.7-9; CCSS Math HSN-Q.A, HSS-ID, MP2/MP4/MP6; AP Physics Science Practices; TX TEKS Physics PHYS.1-PHYS.5 / §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1; VA SOL PH.1; MA/CA/NY science and engineering practices.
Scientific Communication and Source Evaluation: Identify the clearest evidence-based explanation or the most credible source for a physics claim, graph, or technical passage. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.10 - Scientific Communication and Source Evaluation: NGSS SEPs and CCCs; HS-ETS1-1/2/3; CCSS RST.11-12.1, RST.11-12.7, WHST.11-12.7-9; CCSS Math HSN-Q.A, HSS-ID, MP2/MP4/MP6; AP Physics Science Practices; TX TEKS Physics PHYS.1-PHYS.5 / §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1; VA SOL PH.1; MA/CA/NY science and engineering practices.
Domain B - Mathematical Tools, Vectors, and Representations (12.11-12.20)
Dimensional Analysis and Unit Conversion: Select the conversion, unit cancellation, or dimensional check that produces a physically meaningful result. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.11 - Dimensional Analysis and Unit Conversion: NGSS SEPs: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSG-MG, HSS-ID, MP1-MP8; AP Physics mathematical routines; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1 and math connections; VA PH.1; MA/CA/NY HS science practices.
Rearrange and Use Physics Equations: Choose the correct algebraic rearrangement or substitution sequence for solving a physics equation. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.12 - Rearrange and Use Physics Equations: NGSS SEPs: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSG-MG, HSS-ID, MP1-MP8; AP Physics mathematical routines; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1 and math connections; VA PH.1; MA/CA/NY HS science practices.
Scalars, Vectors, and Coordinate Systems: Classify quantities as scalar or vector and select the coordinate system that best simplifies a physical situation. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.13 - Scalars, Vectors, and Coordinate Systems: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS SEPs: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSG-MG, HSS-ID, MP1-MP8; AP Physics mathematical routines; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1 and math connections; VA PH.1; MA/CA/NY HS science practices.
Vector Components and Resultants: Resolve vectors into components or select the correct resultant from component, graphical, or trigonometric information. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.14 - Vector Components and Resultants: NGSS SEPs: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSG-MG, HSS-ID, MP1-MP8; AP Physics mathematical routines; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1 and math connections; VA PH.1; MA/CA/NY HS science practices.
Trigonometry in Physics Contexts: Determine which sine, cosine, or tangent relationship applies to components, angles, incline problems, or projectile motion. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.15 - Trigonometry in Physics Contexts: NGSS SEPs: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSG-MG, HSS-ID, MP1-MP8; AP Physics mathematical routines; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1 and math connections; VA PH.1; MA/CA/NY HS science practices.
Multiple Representations of Physical Relationships: Match verbal descriptions, equations, graphs, tables, and diagrams that represent the same physical relationship. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.16 - Multiple Representations of Physical Relationships: NGSS SEPs: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSG-MG, HSS-ID, MP1-MP8; AP Physics mathematical routines; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1 and math connections; VA PH.1; MA/CA/NY HS science practices.
Linearization and Model Fitting: Select the transformed graph or line-fit interpretation that reveals a hidden linear relationship in experimental data. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.17 - Linearization and Model Fitting: NGSS SEPs: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSG-MG, HSS-ID, MP1-MP8; AP Physics mathematical routines; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1 and math connections; VA PH.1; MA/CA/NY HS science practices.
Slope and Rate of Change in Physics Graphs: Interpret the slope of position-time, velocity-time, force-extension, voltage-current, and other physics graphs. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.18 - Slope and Rate of Change in Physics Graphs: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS SEPs: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSG-MG, HSS-ID, MP1-MP8; AP Physics mathematical routines; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1 and math connections; VA PH.1; MA/CA/NY HS science practices.
Area Under Curves in Physics Graphs: Determine what the area under a graph represents, such as displacement, impulse, work, or charge transferred. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.19 - Area Under Curves in Physics Graphs: NGSS SEPs: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSG-MG, HSS-ID, MP1-MP8; AP Physics mathematical routines; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1 and math connections; VA PH.1; MA/CA/NY HS science practices.
Estimation and Reasonableness Checks: Choose the estimate, order-of-magnitude check, or units-based rejection that best evaluates whether an answer is reasonable. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.20 - Estimation and Reasonableness Checks: NGSS SEPs: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSG-MG, HSS-ID, MP1-MP8; AP Physics mathematical routines; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.N.1 and math connections; VA PH.1; MA/CA/NY HS science practices.
Domain C - Kinematics and Motion Graphs (12.21-12.30)
Position, Distance, and Displacement: Identify position, distance, and displacement from number lines, coordinate systems, maps, or written motion scenarios. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.21 - Position, Distance, and Displacement: NGSS HS-PS2-1 and SEPs; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 1; AP Physics C: Mechanics kinematics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) motion; FL SC.912.P.12.2; VA PH.2; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration: Select the correct average speed, average velocity, or acceleration using data, units, direction, and time intervals. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.22 - Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration: NGSS HS-PS2-1 and SEPs; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 1; AP Physics C: Mechanics kinematics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) motion; FL SC.912.P.12.2; VA PH.2; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Position-Time Graphs: Choose the motion description, velocity sign, or slope interpretation that matches a position-time graph. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.23 - Position-Time Graphs: NGSS HS-PS2-1 and SEPs; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 1; AP Physics C: Mechanics kinematics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) motion; FL SC.912.P.12.2; VA PH.2; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Velocity-Time Graphs: Interpret velocity-time graphs to determine acceleration, displacement, turning points, and changes in motion. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.24 - Velocity-Time Graphs: NGSS HS-PS2-1 and SEPs; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 1; AP Physics C: Mechanics kinematics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) motion; FL SC.912.P.12.2; VA PH.2; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Acceleration-Time Graphs: Use acceleration-time information to predict changes in velocity and identify intervals of constant or changing acceleration. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.25 - Acceleration-Time Graphs: NGSS HS-PS2-1 and SEPs; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 1; AP Physics C: Mechanics kinematics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) motion; FL SC.912.P.12.2; VA PH.2; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Constant-Acceleration Equations: Select the correct kinematic equation, variable substitution, or unknown value for constant-acceleration motion. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.26 - Constant-Acceleration Equations: NGSS HS-PS2-1 and SEPs; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 1; AP Physics C: Mechanics kinematics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) motion; FL SC.912.P.12.2; VA PH.2; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Free Fall and Vertical Motion: Analyze vertical motion under gravitational acceleration, including launch speed, time in air, maximum height, and impact speed. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.27 - Free Fall and Vertical Motion: NGSS HS-PS2-1 and SEPs; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 1; AP Physics C: Mechanics kinematics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) motion; FL SC.912.P.12.2; VA PH.2; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Projectile Motion in Two Dimensions: Choose the correct horizontal and vertical motion reasoning for projectiles launched horizontally or at an angle. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.28 - Projectile Motion in Two Dimensions: NGSS HS-PS2-1 and SEPs; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 1; AP Physics C: Mechanics kinematics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) motion; FL SC.912.P.12.2; VA PH.2; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Relative Motion and Reference Frames: Select the velocity or motion description that is correct for a given frame of reference. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.29 - Relative Motion and Reference Frames: NGSS HS-PS2-1 and SEPs; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 1; AP Physics C: Mechanics kinematics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) motion; FL SC.912.P.12.2; VA PH.2; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Motion from Experimental Data: Infer a physical motion model from ticker-tape, video-analysis, sensor, or table data. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.30 - Motion from Experimental Data: NGSS HS-PS2-1 and SEPs; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSF-BF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 1; AP Physics C: Mechanics kinematics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) motion; FL SC.912.P.12.2; VA PH.2; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Domain D - Forces, Newton's Laws, and Interactions (12.31-12.40)
Identify Forces and Interactions: Select all relevant contact and field forces acting on an object in a physical scenario. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.31 - Identify Forces and Interactions: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-3, HS-PS2-4; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Unit 2; AP Physics C: Mechanics dynamics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) forces; FL SC.912.P.12.3, SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Free-Body Diagrams: Choose the free-body diagram that correctly represents force types, directions, and relative magnitudes. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.32 - Free-Body Diagrams: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-3, HS-PS2-4; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Unit 2; AP Physics C: Mechanics dynamics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) forces; FL SC.912.P.12.3, SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Newton's First Law and Equilibrium: Identify when forces are balanced and choose the correct inertia or constant-velocity explanation. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.33 - Newton's First Law and Equilibrium: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-3, HS-PS2-4; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Unit 2; AP Physics C: Mechanics dynamics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) forces; FL SC.912.P.12.3, SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Newton's Second Law: Determine the acceleration, net force, or mass relationship from diagrams, data, or equations. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.34 - Newton's Second Law: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-3, HS-PS2-4; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Unit 2; AP Physics C: Mechanics dynamics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) forces; FL SC.912.P.12.3, SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Newton's Third Law Force Pairs: Select the correct action-reaction force pair and explain why the forces act on different objects. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.35 - Newton's Third Law Force Pairs: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-3, HS-PS2-4; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Unit 2; AP Physics C: Mechanics dynamics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) forces; FL SC.912.P.12.3, SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Weight, Normal Force, and Apparent Weight: Analyze the relationship among mass, gravitational force, normal force, and apparent weight in everyday contexts. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.36 - Weight, Normal Force, and Apparent Weight: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-3, HS-PS2-4; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Unit 2; AP Physics C: Mechanics dynamics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) forces; FL SC.912.P.12.3, SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Static and Kinetic Friction: Determine friction direction, magnitude, coefficient, or threshold condition for motion. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.37 - Static and Kinetic Friction: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-3, HS-PS2-4; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Unit 2; AP Physics C: Mechanics dynamics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) forces; FL SC.912.P.12.3, SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Tension, Springs, and Restoring Forces: Choose the tension or spring-force model that matches a system involving ropes, pulleys, or elastic materials. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.38 - Tension, Springs, and Restoring Forces: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-3, HS-PS2-4; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Unit 2; AP Physics C: Mechanics dynamics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) forces; FL SC.912.P.12.3, SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Inclined Planes and Component Forces: Resolve weight on an incline and determine acceleration, normal force, friction, or equilibrium conditions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.39 - Inclined Planes and Component Forces: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-3, HS-PS2-4; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Unit 2; AP Physics C: Mechanics dynamics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) forces; FL SC.912.P.12.3, SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Connected Objects and System Analysis: Select the correct net-force equation or acceleration for multi-object systems, pulleys, carts, or coupled masses. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.40 - Connected Objects and System Analysis: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-3, HS-PS2-4; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Unit 2; AP Physics C: Mechanics dynamics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) forces; FL SC.912.P.12.3, SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Domain E - Circular Motion, Gravitation, and Orbital Systems (12.41-12.50)
Uniform Circular Motion Variables: Identify period, frequency, tangential speed, centripetal acceleration, and their relationships in circular motion. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.41 - Uniform Circular Motion Variables: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-4; HS-ESS1 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 circular/gravitation topics; AP Physics C: Mechanics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.2-PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ESS1.
Centripetal Force Models: Select the force that provides centripetal acceleration and determine how mass, speed, radius, and force are related. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.42 - Centripetal Force Models: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-4; HS-ESS1 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 circular/gravitation topics; AP Physics C: Mechanics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.2-PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ESS1.
Circular Motion in Real-World Systems: Analyze curves, loops, rotating platforms, and satellites using inward acceleration and force reasoning. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.43 - Circular Motion in Real-World Systems: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-4; HS-ESS1 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 circular/gravitation topics; AP Physics C: Mechanics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.2-PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ESS1.
Universal Gravitation: Apply Newton's law of gravitation to compare gravitational forces for changes in mass and distance. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.44 - Universal Gravitation: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-4; HS-ESS1 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 circular/gravitation topics; AP Physics C: Mechanics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.2-PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ESS1.
Gravitational Fields and Free-Fall Strength: Interpret gravitational field strength and select how it changes with distance from a planet or moon. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.45 - Gravitational Fields and Free-Fall Strength: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-4; HS-ESS1 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 circular/gravitation topics; AP Physics C: Mechanics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.2-PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ESS1.
Orbital Speed and Period: Determine how orbital speed, radius, and period are related for satellites and planets. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.46 - Orbital Speed and Period: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-4; HS-ESS1 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 circular/gravitation topics; AP Physics C: Mechanics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.2-PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ESS1.
Kepler's Laws and Planetary Data: Use orbital data to identify Kepler-law relationships and compare planetary or satellite motion. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.47 - Kepler's Laws and Planetary Data: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-4; HS-ESS1 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 circular/gravitation topics; AP Physics C: Mechanics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.2-PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ESS1.
Apparent Weight and Non-Inertial Frames: Choose the explanation for apparent weight changes in elevators, vehicles, rotating rides, or accelerating frames. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.48 - Apparent Weight and Non-Inertial Frames: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-4; HS-ESS1 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 circular/gravitation topics; AP Physics C: Mechanics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.2-PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ESS1.
Energy in Gravitational Systems: Select the correct energy transformation or qualitative energy statement for falling, orbiting, or escaping objects. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.49 - Energy in Gravitational Systems: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-4; HS-ESS1 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 circular/gravitation topics; AP Physics C: Mechanics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.2-PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ESS1.
Scale Models of Solar and Orbital Systems: Evaluate scale, proportion, and limitations in models of planets, moons, satellites, and orbital distances. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.50 - Scale Models of Solar and Orbital Systems: NGSS HS-PS2-1, HS-PS2-4; HS-ESS1 connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 circular/gravitation topics; AP Physics C: Mechanics enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12.4; VA PH.2-PH.3; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ESS1.
Domain F - Work, Energy, Power, and Conservation (12.51-12.60)
Work by Constant Forces: Determine when work is positive, negative, or zero and calculate work from force, displacement, and angle. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.51 - Work by Constant Forces: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 3; AP Physics C: Mechanics energy enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) energy; FL SC.912.P.10.1, SC.912.P.10.2; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Work from Force-Position Graphs: Use area under a force-position graph to determine work done by constant or varying forces.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.52 - Work from Force-Position Graphs: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 3; AP Physics C: Mechanics energy enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) energy; FL SC.912.P.10.1, SC.912.P.10.2; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem: Select the correct change in kinetic energy or speed using net work and energy reasoning. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.53 - Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 3; AP Physics C: Mechanics energy enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) energy; FL SC.912.P.10.1, SC.912.P.10.2; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Gravitational Potential Energy: Analyze changes in gravitational potential energy based on mass, height, reference level, and path independence. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.54 - Gravitational Potential Energy: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 3; AP Physics C: Mechanics energy enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) energy; FL SC.912.P.10.1, SC.912.P.10.2; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Elastic Potential Energy: Determine elastic potential energy or spring behavior from force, displacement, and spring constant data. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.55 - Elastic Potential Energy: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 3; AP Physics C: Mechanics energy enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) energy; FL SC.912.P.10.1, SC.912.P.10.2; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Mechanical Energy Conservation: Choose the correct speed, height, or energy distribution when mechanical energy is conserved. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.56 - Mechanical Energy Conservation: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 3; AP Physics C: Mechanics energy enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) energy; FL SC.912.P.10.1, SC.912.P.10.2; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Nonconservative Work and Energy Loss: Identify how friction, drag, or applied forces change mechanical energy and increase thermal energy. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.57 - Nonconservative Work and Energy Loss: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 3; AP Physics C: Mechanics energy enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) energy; FL SC.912.P.10.1, SC.912.P.10.2; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Power and Efficiency: Calculate or interpret power, work rate, energy transfer rate, and efficiency in machines or biological systems. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.58 - Power and Efficiency: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 3; AP Physics C: Mechanics energy enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) energy; FL SC.912.P.10.1, SC.912.P.10.2; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Energy Bar Charts and System Boundaries: Select the energy bar chart, pie chart, or system boundary that correctly represents an energy transfer. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.59 - Energy Bar Charts and System Boundaries: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 3; AP Physics C: Mechanics energy enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) energy; FL SC.912.P.10.1, SC.912.P.10.2; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Energy Resources and Societal Trade-Offs: Evaluate energy-generation or storage claims using conservation, efficiency, environmental impact, and evidence. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.60 - Energy Resources and Societal Trade-Offs: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 3; AP Physics C: Mechanics energy enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) energy; FL SC.912.P.10.1, SC.912.P.10.2; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Domain G - Momentum, Impulse, Collisions, and Center of Mass (12.61-12.70)
Momentum as a Vector Quantity: Determine momentum magnitude, direction, and changes for moving objects in one or two dimensions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.61 - Momentum as a Vector Quantity: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-2, HS-PS2-3; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 4; AP Physics C: Mechanics momentum enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) conservation; FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Impulse and Momentum Change: Use impulse-momentum reasoning to connect force, time, and changes in momentum. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.62 - Impulse and Momentum Change: NGSS HS-PS2-2, HS-PS2-3; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 4; AP Physics C: Mechanics momentum enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) conservation; FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Force-Time Graphs and Impulse: Interpret area under a force-time graph and connect it to momentum change or collision safety. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.63 - Force-Time Graphs and Impulse: NGSS HS-PS2-2, HS-PS2-3; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 4; AP Physics C: Mechanics momentum enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) conservation; FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Conservation of Linear Momentum: Select the correct before-and-after momentum relationship for isolated systems. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.64 - Conservation of Linear Momentum: NGSS HS-PS2-2, HS-PS2-3; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 4; AP Physics C: Mechanics momentum enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) conservation; FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions: Classify collisions and determine which quantities are conserved in each collision type.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.65 - Elastic and Inelastic Collisions: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-2, HS-PS2-3; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 4; AP Physics C: Mechanics momentum enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) conservation; FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Explosions, Recoil, and Separation Events: Analyze recoil or explosion scenarios using conservation of momentum and vector direction.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.66 - Explosions, Recoil, and Separation Events: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-2, HS-PS2-3; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 4; AP Physics C: Mechanics momentum enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) conservation; FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Two-Dimensional Momentum: Choose the correct vector diagram, component equation, or outcome for collisions in two dimensions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.67 - Two-Dimensional Momentum: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-2, HS-PS2-3; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 4; AP Physics C: Mechanics momentum enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) conservation; FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Center of Mass: Determine center-of-mass location or motion for systems of particles, objects, or collisions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.68 - Center of Mass: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-2, HS-PS2-3; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 4; AP Physics C: Mechanics momentum enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) conservation; FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Collision Design and Safety: Evaluate a safety device using impulse, force reduction, stopping time, deformation, and momentum change. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.69 - Collision Design and Safety: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-2, HS-PS2-3; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 4; AP Physics C: Mechanics momentum enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) conservation; FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Momentum and Energy Comparison: Select whether momentum, kinetic energy, both, or neither are conserved in a given interaction. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.70 - Momentum and Energy Comparison: NGSS HS-PS2-2, HS-PS2-3; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 Unit 4; AP Physics C: Mechanics momentum enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) conservation; FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2.
Domain H - Rotational Motion, Torque, Equilibrium, and Elasticity (12.71-12.80)
Angular Position, Speed, and Acceleration: Determine angular displacement, angular speed, angular acceleration, and their connection to linear motion. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.71 - Angular Position, Speed, and Acceleration: NGSS HS-PS2-1/2/3; HS-ETS1 engineering connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Units 5-6; AP Physics C: Mechanics rotation enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ETS1.
Rotational Kinematics: Select the equation or graph interpretation for objects rotating with constant angular acceleration. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.72 - Rotational Kinematics: NGSS HS-PS2-1/2/3; HS-ETS1 engineering connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Units 5-6; AP Physics C: Mechanics rotation enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ETS1.
Torque and Lever Arms: Calculate or compare torque using force, lever arm, angle, and rotational direction. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.73 - Torque and Lever Arms: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-1/2/3; HS-ETS1 engineering connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Units 5-6; AP Physics C: Mechanics rotation enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ETS1.
Static Equilibrium: Choose force and torque conditions that allow an object to remain at rest or balance. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.74 - Static Equilibrium: NGSS HS-PS2-1/2/3; HS-ETS1 engineering connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Units 5-6; AP Physics C: Mechanics rotation enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ETS1.
Center of Gravity and Stability: Identify how center of gravity, base of support, and torque affect tipping or stability. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.75 - Center of Gravity and Stability: NGSS HS-PS2-1/2/3; HS-ETS1 engineering connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Units 5-6; AP Physics C: Mechanics rotation enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ETS1.
Moment of Inertia: Compare rotational inertia for objects with different mass distributions and axes of rotation. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.76 - Moment of Inertia: NGSS HS-PS2-1/2/3; HS-ETS1 engineering connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Units 5-6; AP Physics C: Mechanics rotation enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ETS1.
Rotational Dynamics: Determine angular acceleration or net torque using rotational analogs of Newton's laws. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.77 - Rotational Dynamics: NGSS HS-PS2-1/2/3; HS-ETS1 engineering connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Units 5-6; AP Physics C: Mechanics rotation enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ETS1.
Rotational Kinetic Energy: Compare translational and rotational kinetic energy for spinning or rolling systems. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.78 - Rotational Kinetic Energy: NGSS HS-PS2-1/2/3; HS-ETS1 engineering connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Units 5-6; AP Physics C: Mechanics rotation enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ETS1.
Angular Momentum Conservation: Select the correct angular-speed or rotational-motion outcome when angular momentum is conserved. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.79 - Angular Momentum Conservation: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-1/2/3; HS-ETS1 engineering connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Units 5-6; AP Physics C: Mechanics rotation enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ETS1.
Elasticity, Stress, Strain, and Material Limits: Interpret stress-strain graphs, elastic limits, and material choices for engineering or safety contexts. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.80 - Elasticity, Stress, Strain, and Material Limits: NGSS HS-PS2-1/2/3; HS-ETS1 engineering connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSG-MG; AP Physics 1 Units 5-6; AP Physics C: Mechanics rotation enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.12; VA PH.4; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/ETS1.
Domain I - Oscillations, Waves, Sound, and Light (12.81-12.95)
Simple Harmonic Motion: Identify displacement, velocity, acceleration, and restoring force patterns in simple harmonic motion. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.81 - Simple Harmonic Motion: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Mass-Spring and Pendulum Periods: Select how period changes with mass, spring constant, pendulum length, and gravitational field strength. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.82 - Mass-Spring and Pendulum Periods: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Wave Properties and Vocabulary: Identify amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, speed, phase, crest, trough, compression, and rarefaction. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.83 - Wave Properties and Vocabulary: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Wave Speed Relationships: Use v = f lambda to determine wave speed, frequency, or wavelength and compare waves in different media. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.84 - Wave Speed Relationships: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves: Classify waves and choose the particle-motion diagram that matches the wave type. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.85 - Transverse and Longitudinal Waves: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Superposition and Interference: Determine constructive, destructive, or partial interference from overlapping waves or phase relationships. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.86 - Superposition and Interference: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Standing Waves and Resonance: Identify nodes, antinodes, harmonics, resonant frequencies, and string or air-column patterns. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.87 - Standing Waves and Resonance: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Sound Waves and Pitch: Analyze pitch, loudness, speed of sound, medium dependence, and sound-wave representations. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.88 - Sound Waves and Pitch: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Doppler Effect: Select how observed frequency changes when sources and observers move toward or away from one another. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.89 - Doppler Effect: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Intensity and Decibel Scale: Interpret intensity, sound level, inverse-square spreading, and safe-exposure comparisons. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.90 - Intensity and Decibel Scale: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Electromagnetic Waves and the Spectrum: Identify wave properties, energy, frequency, wavelength, and applications across the electromagnetic spectrum. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.91 - Electromagnetic Waves and the Spectrum: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics Section 112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Reflection and Ray Diagrams: Choose the correct reflected ray, image location, or law-of-reflection explanation for mirrors and surfaces. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.92 - Reflection and Ray Diagrams: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Refraction, Snell's Law, and Total Internal Reflection: Determine ray bending, index of refraction, critical angle, or total-internal-reflection conditions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.93 - Refraction, Snell's Law, and Total Internal Reflection: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: Select the ray diagram, image type, magnification, or sign convention for lenses and curved mirrors. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.94 - Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Diffraction, Interference, Polarization, and Color: Analyze double-slit patterns, diffraction effects, polarization, color mixing, and wave-optics evidence. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.95 - Diffraction, Interference, Polarization, and Color: NGSS HS-PS4-1, HS-PS4-2, HS-PS4-3, HS-PS4-4, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG, RST.11-12.7; AP Physics 1 oscillations; AP Physics 2 waves, sound, physical optics, geometric optics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) waves/light; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5/PH.7; MA/CA/NY HS-PS4.
Domain J - Fluids, Thermal Physics, and Thermodynamics (12.96-12.105)
Density and Pressure: Calculate or compare density, pressure, force, and area in solids, fluids, and everyday systems. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.96 - Density and Pressure: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-4; HS-PS1 matter connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 fluids and AP Physics 2 thermodynamics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10.4, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Hydrostatic Pressure and Pascal's Principle: Determine how fluid pressure changes with depth and how pressure is transmitted in hydraulic systems. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.97 - Hydrostatic Pressure and Pascal's Principle: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-4; HS-PS1 matter connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 fluids and AP Physics 2 thermodynamics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10.4, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle: Predict floating, sinking, apparent weight, and buoyant force using density and displaced fluid. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.98 - Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-4; HS-PS1 matter connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 fluids and AP Physics 2 thermodynamics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10.4, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Fluid Flow and Continuity: Use conservation of mass to compare flow speed and cross-sectional area in pipes or natural systems. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.99 - Fluid Flow and Continuity: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-4; HS-PS1 matter connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 fluids and AP Physics 2 thermodynamics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10.4, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Bernoulli's Principle: Select the pressure-speed-height relationship that explains fluid lift, sprays, narrowing pipes, or airflow. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.100 - Bernoulli's Principle: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-4; HS-PS1 matter connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 fluids and AP Physics 2 thermodynamics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10.4, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium: Differentiate temperature, thermal energy, and heat; identify equilibrium and direction of energy transfer. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.101 - Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-4; HS-PS1 matter connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 fluids and AP Physics 2 thermodynamics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10.4, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Heat Transfer by Conduction, Convection, and Radiation: Choose the heat-transfer mechanism or insulation strategy that best explains a physical situation. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.102 - Heat Transfer by Conduction, Convection, and Radiation: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-4; HS-PS1 matter connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 fluids and AP Physics 2 thermodynamics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10.4, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Specific Heat, Calorimetry, and Phase Change: Determine heat transfer, temperature change, or phase-change energy from data and material properties. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.103 - Specific Heat, Calorimetry, and Phase Change: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-4; HS-PS1 matter connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 fluids and AP Physics 2 thermodynamics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10.4, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Molecular Theory: Analyze gas pressure, volume, temperature, and particle motion using ideal gas relationships and particle models. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.104 - Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Molecular Theory: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-4; HS-PS1 matter connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 fluids and AP Physics 2 thermodynamics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10.4, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Thermodynamic Laws and Heat Engines: Interpret energy conservation, entropy trends, PV diagrams, engine efficiency, and heat-pump behavior. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.105 - Thermodynamic Laws and Heat Engines: NGSS HS-PS3-1, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-4; HS-PS1 matter connections; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSS-ID; AP Physics 1 fluids and AP Physics 2 thermodynamics; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10.4, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.5; MA/CA/NY HS-PS3.
Domain K - Electricity, Circuits, Magnetism, and Induction (12.106-12.125)
Electric Charge and Charge Conservation: Identify charge interactions, charge transfer, induction, grounding, polarization, and conservation of charge. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.106 - Electric Charge and Charge Conservation: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Coulomb's Law: Compare electric forces for changes in charge magnitude, distance, sign, and direction. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.107 - Coulomb's Law: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Electric Fields: Select the correct electric-field direction, strength, or field-line diagram for point charges and charge distributions.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.108 - Electric Fields: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Electric Potential Energy and Voltage: Analyze electric potential, potential difference, energy transfer, and work done by electric fields. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.109 - Electric Potential Energy and Voltage: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Capacitance and Stored Electrical Energy: Interpret capacitance, plate area, separation, dielectric effects, and stored energy in capacitors. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.110 - Capacitance and Stored Electrical Energy: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Current, Resistance, and Resistivity: Determine current, resistance, resistivity, drift-model reasoning, and factors affecting conductor resistance. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.111 - Current, Resistance, and Resistivity: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Ohm's Law and I-V Graphs: Use voltage-current-resistance relationships and I-V graphs to identify ohmic and non-ohmic behavior. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.112 - Ohm's Law and I-V Graphs: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Series Circuits: Determine equivalent resistance, current, voltage drops, and power distribution in series circuits. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.113 - Series Circuits: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Parallel Circuits: Determine equivalent resistance, branch current, voltage, and power distribution in parallel circuits. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.114 - Parallel Circuits: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Combination Circuits: Simplify circuit networks and select the correct current, voltage, resistance, or power relationship. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.115 - Combination Circuits: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Kirchhoff's Rules: Apply loop and junction rules to select correct equations or unknown currents in multi-loop circuits. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.116 - Kirchhoff's Rules: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Circuit Diagrams, Meters, and Electrical Safety: Choose the correct placement of ammeters/voltmeters and identify safe, functional circuit designs. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.117 - Circuit Diagrams, Meters, and Electrical Safety: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Magnetic Fields and Field Lines: Identify magnetic-field direction and field-line patterns near magnets, wires, solenoids, and Earth. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.118 - Magnetic Fields and Field Lines: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Magnetic Force on Moving Charges: Determine the direction or magnitude of magnetic force on charges moving through magnetic fields. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.119 - Magnetic Force on Moving Charges: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Magnetic Force on Current-Carrying Wires: Analyze the force on wires in magnetic fields and predict motion in motors or speakers. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.120 - Magnetic Force on Current-Carrying Wires: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Magnetic Fields from Currents: Use right-hand rules to determine magnetic fields around straight wires, loops, and solenoids. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.121 - Magnetic Fields from Currents: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Electromagnetic Induction: Identify when changing magnetic flux induces an emf or current in a loop or coil. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.122 - Electromagnetic Induction: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Lenz's Law: Choose the induced-current direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.123 - Lenz's Law: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Generators, Motors, and Transformers: Connect magnetic forces and induction to the operation of generators, motors, transformers, and power grids. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.124 - Generators, Motors, and Transformers: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
RC Circuits and Time Constants: Interpret capacitor charging/discharging graphs and determine qualitative or quantitative time-constant behavior.. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.125 - RC Circuits and Time Constants: NGSS HS-PS2-4, HS-PS2-5, HS-PS3-2, HS-PS3-3, HS-PS3-5, HS-PS4-5; CCSS HSN-Q.A, HSA-CED.A, HSF-IF, HSG-MG; AP Physics 2 E&M units; AP Physics C: E&M enrichment; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c) electricity and magnetism; FL SC.912.P.10, SC.912.P.12; VA PH.6; MA/CA/NY HS-PS2/HS-PS3/HS-PS4.
Domain L - Modern Physics, Nuclear Physics, Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Applications (12.126-12.140)
Atomic Models and Quantized Energy: Identify evidence for quantized energy levels and connect spectral lines to atomic transitions. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.126 - Atomic Models and Quantized Energy: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Photons and the Photoelectric Effect: Select the photon-energy, threshold-frequency, or electron-emission explanation that supports the particle model of light. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.127 - Photons and the Photoelectric Effect: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Wave-Particle Duality: Analyze when matter or light is best modeled with wave behavior, particle behavior, or both. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.128 - Wave-Particle Duality: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
de Broglie Wavelength and Quantum Scale: Compare wavelengths of particles and identify when quantum effects become significant. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.129 - de Broglie Wavelength and Quantum Scale: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Special Relativity Concepts: Choose the correct qualitative conclusion about time dilation, length contraction, simultaneity, or invariant light speed. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.130 - Special Relativity Concepts: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Nuclear Structure and Isotopes: Identify isotopes, atomic number, mass number, nuclear stability, and common nuclear notation. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.131 - Nuclear Structure and Isotopes: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Radioactive Decay and Half-Life: Determine remaining sample fraction, decay products, half-life, or graph interpretation for radioactive decay. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.132 - Radioactive Decay and Half-Life: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Nuclear Reactions, Fission, and Fusion: Classify nuclear reactions and compare fission, fusion, chain reactions, and stellar energy production. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.133 - Nuclear Reactions, Fission, and Fusion: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Mass-Energy Equivalence: Use qualitative or proportional reasoning to connect mass defect, binding energy, and energy released in nuclear processes. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.134 - Mass-Energy Equivalence: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Radiation Types, Shielding, and Safety: Identify alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation properties and choose appropriate shielding or safety reasoning. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.135 - Radiation Types, Shielding, and Safety: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Medical, Industrial, and Environmental Physics Applications: Evaluate physics claims involving imaging, radiation, sensors, power generation, or environmental monitoring. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.136 - Medical, Industrial, and Environmental Physics Applications: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Astronomy and Cosmology Connections: Interpret redshift, spectra, orbital data, or radiation evidence connected to stars, galaxies, and cosmic history. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.137 - Astronomy and Cosmology Connections: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Engineering Design for Physics Systems: Select design changes that improve performance of devices involving energy, forces, waves, circuits, or sensors. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.138 - Engineering Design for Physics Systems: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Computational and Data-Driven Physics: Use simulations, spreadsheets, or data models to test predictions and evaluate uncertainty in a physics system. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.139 - Computational and Data-Driven Physics: Corresponding standards/alignment: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.
Integrated Physics Systems Reasoning: Choose the explanation that connects multiple physics ideas, such as energy, forces, momentum, waves, and fields, in one complex scenario. Aligned to NGSS, CCSS Literacy and Mathematics, AP Physics, and selected state frameworks 12.140 - Integrated Physics Systems Reasoning: NGSS HS-PS1-8, HS-PS3, HS-PS4-5, HS-ESS1 connections, HS-ETS1; CCSS RST.11-12.1/7/9, WHST.11-12.1/2/7; AP Physics 2 modern physics; AP Physics C enrichment as appropriate; TX TEKS Physics §112.45(c); FL SC.912.P.8, SC.912.P.10; VA PH.8; MA/CA/NY HS-PS1/PS4/ESS1/ETS1.