Textual Evidence & Inference - Cite relevant textual evidence to support analysis of what a literary text states explicitly and what it implies; distinguish strong from insufficient evidence. (CCSS RL.6.1; CA RL.6.1; MA RL.6.1; NY 6R1; VA 6.RL; TX §110.22(b)(5)(G),(6)(C))

Cite Evidence (Literature) - Locate and quote the strongest lines that directly support an analysis or inference; justify selections. (CCSS RL.6.1; CA RL.6.1; MA RL.6.1; NY 6R1; VA 6.RL; TX §110.22(b)(5)(G),(6)(C))

Make Inferences (Literature) - Combine textual clues with background knowledge to infer motives, traits, and unstated ideas; verify with evidence. (CCSS RL.6.1; CA RL.6.1; MA RL.6.1; NY 6R1; VA 6.RL; TX §110.22(b)(5)(G),(6)(C))

Point of View (1st/3rd‑Limited/Omniscient) - Identify narrator type and analyze how scope/access to thoughts shape understanding. (CCSS RL.6.6; CA RL.6.6; MA RL.6.6; NY 6R6; VA 6.RL.2C; TX §110.22(b)(9)(E))

Recognize and Interpret Allusions (When Present) - Identify common mythological, historical, and literary allusions and explain how they add meaning. (CCSS RL.6.4; CA RL.6.4; MA RL.6.4; NY 6R4; VA 6.RL.2B; TX §110.22(b)(9)(D),(F); FL ELA.6.R.3.1, (supports RI.6.4))

Central Idea & Summary - Determine one or more central ideas; explain development by key details; produce an objective summary. (CCSS RI.6.2; CA RI.6.2; MA RI.6.2; NY 6R2; VA 6.RI.1A; TX §110.22(b)(5)(D); FL ELA.6.R.2.2)

Individuals, Events, & Ideas - Analyze how individuals, events, and ideas are introduced, related, and developed within a text. (CCSS RI.6.3; CA RI.6.3; MA RI.6.3; NY 6R3; VA 6.RI.1B; TX §110.22(b)(8))

Academic & Technical Vocabulary - Determine meanings of words and phrases, including domain‑specific terms; analyze how word choice affects meaning and tone. (CCSS RI.6.4; CA RI.6.4; MA RI.6.4; NY 6R4; VA 6.RI.2B; TX §110.22(b)(2)(A)–(C))

Text Features & Structure - Analyze how sentences, paragraphs, sections, and text features (headings, graphics) fit into overall structure and contribute to ideas. (CCSS RI.6.5; CA RI.6.5; MA RI.6.5; NY 6R5; VA 6.RI.2A; TX §110.22(b)(9)(B),(C))

Author’s Purpose & Point of View - Determine an author’s purpose or point of view and explain how it is conveyed, including cultural or geographic influences. (CCSS RI.6.6; CA RI.6.6; MA RI.6.6; NY 6R6; VA 6.RI.2C; TX §110.22(b)(9)(A),(B),(F))

Integrating Information Across Formats - Integrate information presented in different media or formats (visual, quantitative) with words to develop a coherent understanding. (CCSS RI.6.7; CA RI.6.7; MA RI.6.7; NY 6R7; VA 6.RI.3A; TX §110.22(b)(9)(C),(F))

Arguments & Claims (Evaluate) - Trace and evaluate an author’s argument and claims, distinguishing those supported by reasons and evidence from those that are not. (CCSS RI.6.8; CA RI.6.8; MA RI.6.8; NY 6R8; VA 6.RI.1C; TX §110.22(b)(8)(E),(9)(G))

Comparing Authors & Accounts - Compare/contrast authors’ presentations of events or ideas, noting agreement and disagreement. (CCSS RI.6.9; CA RI.6.9; MA RI.6.9; NY 6R9; VA 6.RI.3B; TX §110.22(b)(6)(B))

Determine Central Idea (Refine Across Sections) - Show how key details build and refine central ideas across sections and paragraphs. (CCSS RI.6.2; CA RI.6.2; MA RI.6.2; NY 6R2; VA 6.RI.1A; TX §110.22(b)(5)(D); FL ELA.6.R.2.2)

Write an Objective Summary (Informational) - Write a neutral summary capturing main ideas and essential supporting details without commentary. (CCSS RI.6.2; CA RI.6.2; MA RI.6.2; NY 6R2; VA 6.RI.1A; TX §110.22(b)(5)(D); FL ELA.6.R.2.2)

Use Text Features & Graphics - Use headings, subheads, captions, charts, and diagrams to locate and synthesize information efficiently. (CCSS RI.6.5; CA RI.6.5; MA RI.6.5; NY 6R5; VA 6.RI.2A; TX §110.22(b)(9)(B),(C))

Understand Technical Vocabulary - Use morphology and context to determine domain‑specific terms; verify with reference tools. (CCSS RI.6.4; CA RI.6.4; MA RI.6.4; NY 6R4; VA 6.RI.2B; TX §110.22(b)(2)(A)–(C))

Compare Authors’ Accounts (Same Topic) - Compare two authors’ treatments of the same topic, noting differences in emphasis, evidence, and conclusions. (CCSS RI.6.9; CA RI.6.9; MA RI.6.9; NY 6R9; VA 6.RI.3B; TX §110.22(b)(6)(B))

Cite Evidence (Informational) - Select and justify the most relevant sentences or data points that directly support an analysis. (CCSS RI.6.1; CA RI.6.1; MA RI.6.1; NY 6R1; VA 6.RI; TX §110.22(b)(5)(G),(6)(C))

Identify Text Structure - Identify cause/effect, problem/solution, compare/contrast, and sequence using signal words; explain how structure clarifies relationships. (CCSS RI.6.5; CA RI.6.5; MA RI.6.5; NY 6R5; VA 6.RI.2A; TX §110.22(b)(9)(B),(C))

Author’s Purpose & Point of View (Analyze Bias) - Infer purpose and analyze word choice and selection of facts to detect point of view and bias. (CCSS RI.6.6; CA RI.6.6; MA RI.6.6; NY 6R6; VA 6.RI.2C; TX §110.22(b)(9)(A),(B),(F))

Integrate Information Across Formats (Apply) - Combine text with charts, tables, timelines, and maps to answer complex questions or explain processes. (CCSS RI.6.7; CA RI.6.7; MA RI.6.7; NY 6R7; VA 6.RI.3A; TX §110.22(b)(9)(C),(F))

Trace & Evaluate Arguments and Claims - Identify the main claim, reasons, and evidence; flag irrelevant or insufficient evidence and faulty reasoning. (CCSS RI.6.8; CA RI.6.8; MA RI.6.8; NY 6R8; VA 6.RI.1C; TX §110.22(b)(8)(E),(9)(G))

Distinguish Fact, Opinion, and Reasoned Judgment - Classify statements and assess whether they are factual claims, opinions, or evidence‑based judgments. (CCSS RI.6.8; CA RI.6.8; MA RI.6.8; NY 6R8; VA 6.RI.1C; TX §110.22(b)(8)(E),(9)(G))

Choose the Best Heading/Caption - Select headings and captions that precisely reflect content and help readers locate information. (CCSS RI.6.5; CA RI.6.5; MA RI.6.5; NY 6R5; VA 6.RI.2A; TX §110.22(b)(9)(B),(C))

Evaluate the Strength of Evidence - Judge whether evidence is specific, relevant, sufficient, and credible; replace weak evidence. (CCSS W.6.9; CA W.6.9; MA W.6.9; NY 6W5; TX §110.22(b)(6)(C),(11)(B),(C), RI.6.8)

Evaluate Sources and Claims - Evaluate credibility and relevance across digital media; identify rhetorical appeals, bias, and faulty reasoning. (CCSS RI.6.8; SL.6.3; TX §110.22(b)(12)(H); FL ELA.6.R.3.4; ISTE 1.3)

Recognize Rhetorical Appeals (Ethos/Logos/Pathos) - Identify appeals and explain how they influence audience perceptions in arguments and advertisements. (CCSS RI.6.8; SL.6.3; TX §110.22(b)(12)(H); FL ELA.6.R.3.4; ISTE 1.3)

Detect Bias & Faulty Reasoning - Spot loaded language, cherry‑picked evidence, and false dilemmas; explain why reasoning is unsound. (CCSS RI.6.8; SL.6.3; TX §110.22(b)(12)(H); FL ELA.6.R.3.4; ISTE 1.3)

Routine Writing & Range - Write routinely over extended and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences. (CCSS W.6.10; CA W.6.10; MA W.6.10; NY 6W4; TX §110.22(b)(10),(11))

Argumentative Claim & Counterclaim - Craft a precise claim, anticipate a reasonable counterclaim, and respond with relevant reasons and evidence. (CCSS W.6.1; CA W.6.1; MA W.6.1; NY 6W1; TX §110.22(b)(11)(C))

Thesis & Organization - Compose a clear controlling idea and use logical paragraphing with topic sentences and transitions. (CCSS W.6.1; CA W.6.1; MA W.6.1; NY 6W1; TX §110.22(b)(11)(C), W.6.2, W.6.4)

Narrative Techniques (Dialogue, Pacing, Description) - Use sensory details, precise verbs, and dialogue to show experiences; manage pacing across scenes. (CCSS W.6.3; CA W.6.3; MA W.6.3; NY 6W3; TX §110.22(b)(11)(A))

Evaluate Sources (Credibility/Bias) - Assess author credentials, publication date, domain/purpose, and bias; distinguish sponsored content. (CCSS W.6.8; CA W.6.8; MA W.6.8; NY 6W7; TX §110.22(b)(12)(D)–(I))

Bibliography/Citation Basics - Record essential bibliographic elements for digital/print sources and format a basic bibliography (e.g., MLA‑lite). (CCSS W.6.8; CA W.6.8; MA W.6.8; NY 6W7; TX §110.22(b)(12)(D)–(I))

Short & Extended Writing Routines - Sustain frequent short writes and longer multi‑step pieces to build stamina and revision habits. (CCSS W.6.10; CA W.6.10; MA W.6.10; NY 6W4; TX §110.22(b)(10),(11))

Research Note‑Taking Frameworks (e.g., Cornell, Two‑Column) - Organize notes under subheadings, record citations as you go, and synthesize across sources. (CCSS W.6.8; CA W.6.8; MA W.6.8; NY 6W7; TX §110.22(b)(12)(D)–(I))

Integrate Quotations Smoothly - Introduce, punctuate, and explain quotations so they support claims without disrupting flow. (CCSS W.6.1; CA W.6.1; MA W.6.1; NY 6W1; TX §110.22(b)(11)(C), W.6.2b)

Argumentative Writing - Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence; acknowledge counterclaims and maintain coherence. (CCSS W.6.1; CA W.6.1; MA W.6.1; NY 6W1; TX §110.22(b)(11)(C))

Narrative Writing - Develop real or imagined experiences using effective technique, relevant details, and logical sequences. (CCSS W.6.3; CA W.6.3; MA W.6.3; NY 6W3; TX §110.22(b)(11)(A))

Clear & Coherent Writing - Produce clear and coherent writing appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. (CCSS W.6.4; CA W.6.4; MA W.6.4; NY 6W4; TX §110.22(b)(10)(B))

Use of Technology - Use technology to produce, share, and publish writing and to collaborate responsibly with others. (CCSS W.6.6; CA W.6.6; MA W.6.6; NY 6W6; TX §110.22(b)(12)(J))

Short Research Projects - Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on multiple sources and refocusing inquiry as needed. (CCSS W.6.7; CA W.6.7; MA W.6.7; NY 6W6; TX §110.22(b)(12)(A)–(C))

Create & Collaborate with Digital Tools - Produce and share multimedia compositions that integrate text, visuals, audio, and data; collaborate responsibly online. (CCSS W.6.6; SL.6.5; TX §110.22(b)(12)(J); FL ELA.6.C.5.1–5.2; ISTE 1.6, 1.7)

Curate Sources with Research Logs - Maintain a research log to track queries, sources, relevance, credibility, and notes. (CCSS W.6.8; CA W.6.8; MA W.6.8; NY 6W7; TX §110.22(b)(12)(D)–(I))

Compose Multimedia Texts - Compose pieces that integrate text, images, audio, and data displays to communicate for purpose and audience. (CCSS W.6.6; CA W.6.6; MA W.6.6; NY 6W6; TX §110.22(b)(12)(J), SL.6.5)

Relevant Evidence & Elaboration - Select the most compelling evidence and elaborate with commentary that explains how it supports the claim. (CCSS W.6.1; CA W.6.1; MA W.6.1; NY 6W1; TX §110.22(b)(11)(C), W.6.9)

Informative/Explanatory Techniques - Group related information, define unfamiliar terms, and select features (charts, tables) that clarify ideas. (CCSS W.6.2; CA W.6.2; MA W.6.2; NY 6W2; TX §110.22(b)(11)(B))

Revision for Clarity & Cohesion - Revise to clarify focus, eliminate redundancy, and strengthen transitions within and across paragraphs. (CCSS W.6.5; CA W.6.5; MA W.6.5; NY 6W5; TX §110.22(b)(10)(C)–(E))

Editing: Grammar, Punctuation, Spelling - Edit drafts for agreement, pronoun clarity, capitalization, commas/parentheses/dashes, and grade‑level spelling patterns. (CCSS W.6.5; CA W.6.5; MA W.6.5; NY 6W5; TX §110.22(b)(10)(C)–(E), L.6.1–L.6.2)

Word Choice & Tone - Choose precise words and maintain a consistent, audience‑appropriate tone. (CCSS W.6.4; CA W.6.4; MA W.6.4; NY 6W4; TX §110.22(b)(10)(B), L.6.3, L.6.5, L.6.6)

Use Technology to Draft/Publish - Draft, comment, and publish using collaborative tools; set appropriate permissions and cite media sources. (CCSS W.6.6; CA W.6.6; MA W.6.6; NY 6W6; TX §110.22(b)(12)(J))

Research Question → Inquiry Plan - Form focused, researchable questions; break the topic into sub‑questions; plan source gathering. (CCSS W.6.7; CA W.6.7; MA W.6.7; NY 6W6; TX §110.22(b)(12)(A)–(C))

Paraphrase vs. Quote; Avoid Plagiarism - Paraphrase accurately with citation; use quotation marks for exact words; maintain a works‑consulted list. (CCSS W.6.8; CA W.6.8; MA W.6.8; NY 6W7; TX §110.22(b)(12)(D)–(I))

Transitions for Cohesion (Within/Across Paragraphs) - Select precise transition words, phrases, and clauses to signal sequence, contrast, cause/effect, and emphasis. (CCSS W.6.1; CA W.6.1; MA W.6.1; NY 6W1; TX §110.22(b)(11)(C), W.6.2c)

Maintain Formal Style in Arguments - Revise to sustain an academic register; eliminate vague diction and unnecessary contractions. (CCSS W.6.1; CA W.6.1; MA W.6.1; NY 6W1; TX §110.22(b)(11)(C), L.6.3)

Argument Outlines (Claim → Reasons → Evidence) - Plan arguments with organizers aligning each reason to the best evidence and an explanation. (CCSS W.6.1; CA W.6.1; MA W.6.1; NY 6W1; TX §110.22(b)(11)(C))

Informative/Explanatory Writing - Examine a topic and convey ideas clearly through relevant content, organization, and analysis. (CCSS W.6.2; CA W.6.2; MA W.6.2; NY 6W2; TX §110.22(b)(11)(B))

Plan, Revise, Edit - Plan, revise, edit, and rewrite to strengthen focus, organization, style, and conventions. (CCSS W.6.5; CA W.6.5; MA W.6.5; NY 6W5; TX §110.22(b)(10)(C)–(E))

Gather, Evaluate, & Cite Sources - Gather information from multiple sources; evaluate credibility; quote/paraphrase; avoid plagiarism; provide bibliographic info. (CCSS W.6.8; CA W.6.8; MA W.6.8; NY 6W7; TX §110.22(b)(12)(D)–(I))

Collaborate with Writing Tools - Use commenting, version history, and task assignments to plan, draft, and revise with peers responsibly. (CCSS W.6.6; CA W.6.6; MA W.6.6; NY 6W6; TX §110.22(b)(12)(J))

Credit Images & Media (Digital Citizenship) - Provide attribution/alt text for media you include; follow fair‑use and licensing basics. (CCSS W.6.6; CA W.6.6; MA W.6.6; NY 6W6; TX §110.22(b)(12)(J))

Collaborative Discussions - Engage in collaborative discussions; prepare, set roles, build on others’ ideas, and express ideas clearly. (CCSS SL.6.1; CA SL.6.1; MA SL.6.1; NY 6SL1; TX §110.22(b)(1))

Interpret Information from Diverse Media - Interpret information presented in diverse media/formats and explain how it contributes to understanding. (CCSS SL.6.2; CA SL.6.2; MA SL.6.2; NY 6SL2; TX §110.22(b)(9)(C),(F))

Evaluate Speaker’s Claims - Delineate a speaker’s argument/claims, distinguishing those supported by reasons/evidence from those that are not. (CCSS SL.6.3; CA SL.6.3; MA SL.6.3; NY 6SL3; TX §110.22(b)(12)(H))

Presentations - Present claims/findings in a logical sequence with relevant details; use appropriate eye contact, volume, clarity. (CCSS SL.6.4; CA SL.6.4; MA SL.6.4; NY 6SL4; TX §110.22(b)(1)(C))

Strategic Use of Digital Media - Include digital media and visual displays in presentations to clarify information and emphasize key ideas. (CCSS SL.6.5; CA SL.6.5; MA SL.6.5; NY 6SL5; TX §110.22(b)(12)(J))

Adapt Speech - Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks; demonstrate command of formal English when appropriate. (CCSS SL.6.6; CA SL.6.6; MA SL.6.6; NY 6SL6; TX §110.22(b)(1)(C),(D))

Discussion Norms and Roles - Set goals, assign roles, and apply norms for active listening, turn‑taking, and respectful disagreement. (CCSS SL.6.1; CA SL.6.1; MA SL.6.1; NY 6SL1; TX §110.22(b)(1))

Interpret Charts/Graphs/Media - Explain how visuals or audio elements contribute to understanding a topic or argument. (CCSS SL.6.2; CA SL.6.2; MA SL.6.2; NY 6SL2; TX §110.22(b)(9)(C),(F))

Paraphrase and Build on Ideas - Restate a peer’s idea accurately before adding new reasoning/evidence; ask clarifying questions. (CCSS SL.6.1; CA SL.6.1; MA SL.6.1; NY 6SL1; TX §110.22(b)(1), SL.6.2)

Evaluate a Speaker’s Reasoning - Identify claims, reasons, and evidence in spoken texts; detect faulty logic and unsupported assertions. (CCSS SL.6.3; CA SL.6.3; MA SL.6.3; NY 6SL3; TX §110.22(b)(12)(H))

Plan & Deliver Presentations - Organize ideas logically, select relevant details, rehearse for clarity and pacing, and deliver to an audience. (CCSS SL.6.4; CA SL.6.4; MA SL.6.4; NY 6SL4; TX §110.22(b)(1)(C))

Integrate Multimedia - Choose visuals, audio, and data displays that clarify and emphasize key ideas; credit media sources. (CCSS SL.6.5; CA SL.6.5; MA SL.6.5; NY 6SL5; TX §110.22(b)(12)(J))

Data Displays for Talks - Design and explain charts/tables that clarify comparisons, trends, and part‑to‑whole relationships; label clearly. (CCSS SL.6.5; CA SL.6.5; MA SL.6.5; NY 6SL5; TX §110.22(b)(12)(J))

Knowledge of Language - Use knowledge of language and its conventions (e.g., vary sentence patterns; maintain style and tone). (CCSS L.6.3; CA L.6.3; MA L.6.3; NY 6L3; TX §110.22(b)(10)(C))

Vocabulary Strategies - Determine/clarify meanings using context, morphology (Greek/Latin roots), and reference materials. (CCSS L.6.4; CA L.6.4; MA L.6.4; NY 6L4; VA 6.RV.1B–C,F–G; TX §110.22(b)(2)(A)–(C))

Figurative Language & Word Relationships - Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances (connotation/denotation, part‑whole, cause/effect). (CCSS L.6.5; CA L.6.5; MA L.6.5; NY 6L5; VA 6.RV.1E; TX §110.22(b)(9)(D))

Vocabulary Acquisition & Use - Acquire and accurately use grade‑appropriate academic and domain‑specific words and phrases. (CCSS L.6.6; CA L.6.6; MA L.6.6; NY 6L6; VA 6.RV.1A,H; TX §110.22(b)(2)(C),(6)(F))

Greek/Latin Roots & Affixes - Leverage common roots/prefixes/suffixes to infer meanings and build word families. (CCSS L.6.4; CA L.6.4; MA L.6.4; NY 6L4; VA 6.RV.1B–C,F–G; TX §110.22(b)(2)(A)–(C))

Context Clues for Multiple‑Meaning Words - Use definition, synonym/antonym, and example clues to resolve ambiguity and select precise meanings. (CCSS L.6.4; CA L.6.4; MA L.6.4; NY 6L4; VA 6.RV.1B–C,F–G; TX §110.22(b)(2)(A)–(C))

Connotation vs. Denotation - Differentiate dictionary meaning from emotional association; choose words to achieve intended tone. (CCSS L.6.5; CA L.6.5; MA L.6.5; NY 6L5; VA 6.RV.1E; TX §110.22(b)(9)(D))

Word Relationships - Understand and explain relationships among words, including synonyms, antonyms, analogies, part-whole relationships, functions, and shades of meaning. (Grade 6 ELA vocabulary practice)

Academic Vocabulary in Use - Acquire, practice, and apply Tier 2 vocabulary across reading, discussion, and writing. (CCSS L.6.6; CA L.6.6; MA L.6.6; NY 6L6; VA 6.RV.1A,H; TX §110.22(b)(2)(C),(6)(F))

Frequently Confused Words & Homophones - Choose correctly among commonly confused/homophonic word pairs based on context and meaning. (CCSS L.6.4; CA L.6.4; MA L.6.4; NY 6L4; VA 6.RV.1B–C,F–G; TX §110.22(b)(2)(A)–(C), L.6.6)

CCSS L.6.4; CA L.6.4; MA L.6.4; NY 6L4; VA 6.RV.1B–C,F–G; TX §110.22(b)(2)(A)–(C), L.6.6 - Consult print/digital dictionaries and thesauruses to confirm pronunciation, part of speech, and nuanced meanings.

Analogies & Nuanced Relationships - Solve analogies and explain the relationship (synonym, antonym, part‑whole, function, cause/effect). (CCSS L.6.5; CA L.6.5; MA L.6.5; NY 6L5; VA 6.RV.1E; TX §110.22(b)(9)(D))

Capitalization, Punctuation, & Spelling - Demonstrate command of capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS L.6.2; CA L.6.2; MA L.6.2; NY 6L2; TX §110.22(b)(10)(D)(viii),(ix))

Sentence Types & Variety - Use simple, compound, and complex sentences; vary openings and lengths to improve flow and clarity. (CCSS L.6.1; CA L.6.1; MA L.6.1; NY 6L1; TX §110.22(b)(10)(D), L.6.3)

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement - Use pronouns that agree with their antecedents in number, person, and gender; revise sentences to correct unclear or incorrect pronoun-antecedent agreement. (Grade 6 ELA language practice)

Commas with Introductory Elements - Place commas after introductory words/phrases/clauses and with coordinating conjunctions in compound sentences. (CCSS L.6.2; CA L.6.2; MA L.6.2; NY 6L2; TX §110.22(b)(10)(D)(viii),(ix))

Pronoun Case (Subjective/Objective/Possessive) - Choose the correct pronoun case in compound subjects/objects and after prepositions; correct case errors. (CCSS L.6.1; CA L.6.1; MA L.6.1; NY 6L1; TX §110.22(b)(10)(D), (CCSS L.6.1a))

Intensive Pronouns - Use intensive pronouns correctly and distinguish them from reflexive uses. (CCSS L.6.1; CA L.6.1; MA L.6.1; NY 6L1; TX §110.22(b)(10)(D), (CCSS L.6.1b))

Correct Shifts in Pronoun Number and Person - Identify and correct inappropriate shifts in pronoun number/person within and across sentences. (CCSS L.6.1; CA L.6.1; MA L.6.1; NY 6L1; TX §110.22(b)(10)(D), (CCSS L.6.1c))

Resolve Vague/Ambiguous Pronouns - Revise sentences to clarify ambiguous pronoun references and ensure clear antecedents. (CCSS L.6.1; CA L.6.1; MA L.6.1; NY 6L1; TX §110.22(b)(10)(D), (CCSS L.6.1d))

Nonrestrictive/Parenthetical Elements - Commas, Dashes, Parentheses - Punctuate and revise to set off nonessential information; explain meaning changes when punctuation is omitted or misused. (CCSS L.6.2; CA L.6.2; MA L.6.2; NY 6L2; TX §110.22(b)(10)(D)(viii),(ix), (CCSS L.6.2a))

Sentence Boundaries (Fragments/Run‑ons) - Identify and correct fragments and run‑ons by adding subjects/predicates or appropriate conjunctions/punctuation. (CCSS L.6.1; CA L.6.1; MA L.6.1; NY 6L1; TX §110.22(b)(10)(D), L.6.2)