AP Biology - Select a Category
College Board Science Practices
Describe a Biological Concept: Which statement most accurately describes a biological structure, process, or relationship presented in written form?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 1.A - College Board Science Practices: Which statement most accurately describes a biological structure, process, or relationship presented in written form? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 1.A.
Explain a Biological Mechanism: Which explanation best connects the steps of a biological process to its resulting outcome? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 1.B - College Board Science Practices: Which explanation best connects the steps of a biological process to its resulting outcome? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 1.B.
Apply a Concept in a New Context: Which option correctly applies a familiar biological principle to an unfamiliar organism, environment, or experimental scenario? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 1.C - College Board Science Practices: Which option correctly applies a familiar biological principle to an unfamiliar organism, environment, or experimental scenario? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 1.C.
Identify Features in a Biological Visual: Which labels or observations correctly describe the relevant features of a diagram, micrograph, model, or process illustration? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 2.A - College Board Science Practices: Describe characteristics of visual representations of biological concepts and processes.
Interpret Symbols, Keys, and Conventions: Which interpretation correctly uses the legend, symbols, arrows, scale bars, orientation, or color coding in a biological representation? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 2.A - College Board Science Practices: Which interpretation correctly uses the legend, symbols, arrows, scale bars, orientation, or color coding in a biological representation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 2.A.
Explain Relationships in a Model: Which explanation best describes the relationship among components represented in a biological model? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 2.B - College Board Science Practices: Which explanation best describes the relationship among components represented in a biological model? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 2.B.
Compare Alternative Biological Models: Which comparison correctly identifies how two models represent the same biological system differently? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 2.B - College Board Science Practices: Which comparison correctly identifies how two models represent the same biological system differently? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 2.B.
Connect a Model to a Larger Principle: Which option best links a visual model to a broader biological concept, process, system, or theory?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 2.C - College Board Science Practices: Which option best links a visual model to a broader biological concept, process, system, or theory? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 2.C.
Evaluate Model Assumptions and Limits: Which statement best identifies an assumption, simplification, or limitation that affects conclusions drawn from a biological model?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 2.C - College Board Science Practices: Which statement best identifies an assumption, simplification, or limitation that affects conclusions drawn from a biological model? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 2.C.
Complete a Biological Representation: Which diagram, flowchart, system map, or mathematical representation correctly completes the relationships shown? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 2.D - College Board Science Practices: Which diagram, flowchart, system map, or mathematical representation correctly completes the relationships shown? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 2.D.
Translate Between Representations: Which option correctly translates information among written explanations, diagrams, flowcharts, tables, graphs, and equations? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 2.D - College Board Science Practices: Which option correctly translates information among written explanations, diagrams, flowcharts, tables, graphs, and equations? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 2.D.
Identify a Testable Question: Which research question can be tested by collecting measurable biological data?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.A - College Board Science Practices: Which research question can be tested by collecting measurable biological data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 3.A.
Distinguish Testable from Non-Testable Questions: Which option best distinguishes a testable scientific question from a descriptive, ethical, or unmeasurable question? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.A - College Board Science Practices: Identify or pose a testable question based on an observation, data, or a model.
State a Null Hypothesis: Which statement is the appropriate null hypothesis for the investigation described? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.B - College Board Science Practices: Which statement is the appropriate null hypothesis for the investigation described? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 3.B.
Predict Experimental Results: Which predicted result follows logically from the stated hypothesis and biological mechanism?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.B - College Board Science Practices: Which predicted result follows logically from the stated hypothesis and biological mechanism? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 3.B.
Identify the Independent Variable: Which factor is deliberately changed by the investigators in the described experiment? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.C - College Board Science Practices: Which factor is deliberately changed by the investigators in the described experiment? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 3.C.
Identify the Dependent Variable: Which measurement represents the response being collected in the described experiment? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.C - College Board Science Practices: Which measurement represents the response being collected in the described experiment? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 3.C.
Identify Controlled Variables: Which conditions must remain constant so that the effect of the independent variable can be evaluated?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.C - College Board Science Practices: Which conditions must remain constant so that the effect of the independent variable can be evaluated? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 3.C.
Select an Appropriate Control Group: Which treatment or comparison group provides the most valid control for the investigation? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.C - College Board Science Practices: Which treatment or comparison group provides the most valid control for the investigation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 3.C.
Justify an Experimental Control: Which explanation best justifies why a specified positive, negative, or vehicle control is necessary?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.C - College Board Science Practices: Which explanation best justifies why a specified positive, negative, or vehicle control is necessary? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 3.C..
Evaluate Replication and Sample Size: Which design choice most improves reliability by increasing replication, sample size, randomization, or repeated trials?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.C - College Board Science Practices: Which design choice most improves reliability by increasing replication, sample size, randomization, or repeated trials? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 3.C.
Detect Confounding Variables: Which uncontrolled factor is most likely to confound the relationship between the independent and dependent variables? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.C - College Board Science Practices: Which uncontrolled factor is most likely to confound the relationship between the independent and dependent variables? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 3.C.
Propose a Follow-Up Investigation: Which new investigation most directly tests an unresolved question or limitation revealed by the original evidence?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.D - College Board Science Practices: Which new investigation most directly tests an unresolved question or limitation revealed by the original evidence? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 3.D.
Improve an Experimental Design: Which revision most improves validity, precision, reliability, or the ability to infer cause and effect? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 3.D - College Board Science Practices: Propose a new investigation based on an evaluation of the experimental design or evidence.
Choose an Appropriate Graph Type: Which graph type best represents the variables and data structure in the investigation? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 4.A - College Board Science Practices: Which graph type best represents the variables and data structure in the investigation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 4.A.
Label Axes, Units, and Legends: Which graph has the independent and dependent variables, units, and legend labeled correctly? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 4.A - College Board Science Practices: Which graph has the independent and dependent variables, units, and legend labeled correctly? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 4.A.
Select an Appropriate Scale: Which axis scale displays the data accurately without distortion and uses the available graph area effectively? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 4.A - College Board Science Practices: construct data representations with appropriate graph type, axis labels and units, scaling, accurate plotted data, error bars when appropriate, and trend lines when appropriate.
Plot Data Accurately: Which graph correctly plots all data points, categories, means, and treatment groups?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 4.A - College Board Science Practices: Which graph correctly plots all data points, categories, means, and treatment groups? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 4.A.
Represent Error Bars: Which graph correctly displays the reported variability or uncertainty using error bars? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 4.A - College Board Science Practices: Which graph correctly displays the reported variability or uncertainty using error bars? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 4.A.
Add a Trend Line: Which trend line or best-fit relationship is most consistent with the scatter of the data?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 4.A - College Board Science Practices: Which trend line or best-fit relationship is most consistent with the scatter of the data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 4.A..
Identify Specific Data Values: Which option correctly retrieves or compares a specified value from a table or graph? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 4.B - College Board Science Practices: Which option correctly retrieves or compares a specified value from a table or graph? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 4.B.
Describe Trends and Patterns: Which statement best describes the overall trend, pattern, plateau, peak, or periodicity in the data? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 4.B - College Board Science Practices: Which statement best describes the overall trend, pattern, plateau, peak, or periodicity in the data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 4.B.
Describe Relationships Between Variables: Which statement correctly characterizes the positive, negative, nonlinear, or absent relationship between variables? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 4.B - College Board Science Practices: Which statement correctly characterizes the positive, negative, nonlinear, or absent relationship between variables? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 4.B.
Recognize Outliers and Anomalies: Which data point is an outlier, and which interpretation appropriately avoids overgeneralizing from it? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 4.B - College Board Science Practices: Which data point is an outlier, and which interpretation appropriately avoids overgeneralizing from it? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 4.B.
Calculate a Mean: Which calculation correctly determines and interprets the arithmetic mean for a biological data set? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 5.A - College Board Science Practices: Which calculation correctly determines and interprets the arithmetic mean for a biological data set? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 5.A.
Calculate a Biological Rate: Which calculation correctly determines a rate of change and reports it with appropriate units? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 5.A - College Board Science Practices: Which calculation correctly determines a rate of change and reports it with appropriate units? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 5.A.
Use Ratios and Proportions: Which ratio or proportional calculation correctly compares biological quantities? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 5.A - College Board Science Practices: Which ratio or proportional calculation correctly compares biological quantities? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 5.A.
Calculate Percentages and Percent Change: Which calculation correctly determines a percentage, relative frequency, or percent change from the data? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 5.A - College Board Science Practices: Which calculation correctly determines a percentage, relative frequency, or percent change from the data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 5.A.
Use Metric Prefixes and Unit Conversions: Which conversion correctly uses metric prefixes and preserves the magnitude and units of a biological measurement? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 5.A - College Board Science Practices: Which conversion correctly uses metric prefixes and preserves the magnitude and units of a biological measurement? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 5.A.
Interpret Standard Deviation and Standard Error: Which statement correctly interprets the reported spread or uncertainty represented by standard deviation or standard error? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 5.A - College Board Science Practices: Which statement correctly interprets the reported spread or uncertainty represented by standard deviation or standard error? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 5.A.
Compare Confidence Intervals and Error Bars: Which conclusion about possible statistical similarity is best supported by the displayed confidence intervals or error bars?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 5.B - College Board Science Practices: Which conclusion about possible statistical similarity is best supported by the displayed confidence intervals or error bars? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 5.B.
Calculate Chi-Square: Which calculation correctly uses observed and expected values to determine a chi-square statistic? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 5.C - College Board Science Practices: Which calculation correctly uses observed and expected values to determine a chi-square statistic? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 5.C.
Determine Degrees of Freedom and Critical Value: Which degrees of freedom and critical value are appropriate for the chi-square analysis? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 5.C - College Board Science Practices: Which degrees of freedom and critical value are appropriate for the chi-square analysis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 5.C.
Evaluate a Null Hypothesis with Chi-Square: Which conclusion correctly rejects or fails to reject the null hypothesis using the calculated chi-square value and significance criterion? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 5.C and 5.D - College Board Science Practices: 5.C Perform chi-square hypothesis testing; 5.D Use data to evaluate a hypothesis or prediction, including rejecting or failing to reject the null hypothesis.
Evaluate a Prediction with Data: Which conclusion about a hypothesis or prediction is best supported by the pattern and variability in the data? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 5.D - College Board Science Practices: Which conclusion about a hypothesis or prediction is best supported by the pattern and variability in the data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 5.D.
Make a Scientific Claim: Which claim directly answers the biological question and remains within the limits of the evidence?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 6.A - College Board Science Practices: Which claim directly answers the biological question and remains within the limits of the evidence? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 6.A.
Select Relevant Evidence: Which observation, data point, trend, or biological principle provides the strongest evidence for the claim?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 6.B - College Board Science Practices: Which observation, data point, trend, or biological principle provides the strongest evidence for the claim? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 6.B.
Distinguish Evidence from Reasoning: Which option is evidence rather than an explanation of why the evidence supports the claim? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 6.B, 6.C - College Board Science Practices: Which option is evidence rather than an explanation of why the evidence supports the claim? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 6.B, 6.C.
Provide Mechanistic Reasoning: Which reasoning statement most logically connects the evidence to the claim through an accepted biological mechanism? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 6.C - College Board Science Practices: Which reasoning statement most logically connects the evidence to the claim through an accepted biological mechanism? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 6.C.
Connect Results to Larger Concepts: Which explanation best relates the experimental result to a broader biological process, system, or theory? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 6.D - College Board Science Practices: Which explanation best relates the experimental result to a broader biological process, system, or theory? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 6.D.
Predict Effects of a System Disruption: Which prediction best describes the downstream effects of changing, removing, or inhibiting a component of a biological system?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 6.E - College Board Science Practices: Which prediction best describes the downstream effects of changing, removing, or inhibiting a component of a biological system? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 6.E.
Evaluate Competing Explanations: Which explanation is most consistent with the complete body of evidence and requires the fewest unsupported assumptions? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Science Practice 6.B, 6.C, 6.D - College Board Science Practices: Which explanation is most consistent with the complete body of evidence and requires the fewest unsupported assumptions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Science Practice 6.B, 6.C, 6.D.
AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills
Mean, Median, Mode, and Range [Mini Skill]: Which summary statistic—mean, median, mode, or range—is calculated and interpreted correctly for the biological data set? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which summary statistic—mean, median, mode, or range—is calculated and interpreted correctly for the biological data set? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.A.
Sample Standard Deviation [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly estimates sample standard deviation and interprets greater or lesser spread around the mean?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly estimates sample standard deviation and interprets greater or lesser spread around the mean? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.A.
Standard Error of the Mean [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly determines standard error from sample standard deviation and sample size? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly determines standard error from sample standard deviation and sample size? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.A.
Chi-Square Formula Components [Mini Skill]: Which quantities are correctly identified as observed values, expected values, and summed chi-square contributions?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.C - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which quantities are correctly identified as observed values, expected values, and summed chi-square contributions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.C.
Degrees of Freedom [Mini Skill]: Which degrees of freedom correctly equal the number of distinct outcome categories minus one? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.C - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which degrees of freedom correctly equal the number of distinct outcome categories minus one? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.C.
Mutually Exclusive Probability [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly applies the addition rule to mutually exclusive biological outcomes? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly applies the addition rule to mutually exclusive biological outcomes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 5.A.
Independent-Event Probability [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly applies the multiplication rule to independent biological events?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly applies the multiplication rule to independent biological events? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 5.A.
Metric Prefixes [Mini Skill]: Which conversion correctly uses giga, mega, kilo, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, or pico prefixes? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which conversion correctly uses giga, mega, kilo, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, or pico prefixes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.A.
General Rate of Change [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly determines change in a biological quantity per unit time? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly determines change in a biological quantity per unit time? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; SP 5.A.
Exponential Population Growth [Mini Skill]: Which calculation or graph correctly represents unrestricted population growth using maximum per-capita growth rate and population size?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.2; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation or graph correctly represents unrestricted population growth using maximum per-capita growth rate and population size? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.2; SP 5.A..
Logistic Population Growth [Mini Skill]: Which calculation or graph correctly incorporates carrying capacity into a logistic population-growth model? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.1, 8.4.A.2; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation or graph correctly incorporates carrying capacity into a logistic population-growth model? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.1, 8.4.A.2; SP 5.A.
Population Change from Births and Deaths [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly determines population change as births minus deaths over time?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.2; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly determines population change as births minus deaths over time? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.2; SP 5.A.
Simpson’s Diversity Index [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly uses species abundances and total abundance to compare community diversity?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 8.5.A; EK 8.5.A.1; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly uses species abundances and total abundance to compare community diversity? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 8.5.A; EK 8.5.A.1; SP 5.A.
Total Water Potential [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly combines pressure potential and solute potential to determine total water potential?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 2.7.A; EK 2.7.A.1; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly combines pressure potential and solute potential to determine total water potential? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 2.7.A; EK 2.7.A.1; SP 5.A.
Solute Potential [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly applies ionization, molar concentration, the pressure constant, and Kelvin temperature to solute potential?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 2.7.B; EK 2.7.B.2; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly applies ionization, molar concentration, the pressure constant, and Kelvin temperature to solute potential? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 2.7.B; EK 2.7.B.2; SP 5.A.
Surface Area Formulas [Mini Skill]: Which formula and substitution correctly determine the surface area of a sphere, cube, rectangular solid, or cylinder?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.1; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which formula and substitution correctly determine the surface area of a sphere, cube, rectangular solid, or cylinder? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.1; SP 5.A.
Volume Formulas [Mini Skill]: Which formula and substitution correctly determine the volume of a sphere, cube, rectangular solid, or cylinder? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.1; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which formula and substitution correctly determine the volume of a sphere, cube, rectangular solid, or cylinder? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.1; SP 5.A.
Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly compares surface area relative to volume for differently sized or shaped biological structures? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.1, 2.2.A.2; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly compares surface area relative to volume for differently sized or shaped biological structures? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.1, 2.2.A.2; SP 5.A.
Hardy-Weinberg Allele Equation [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly uses p + q = 1 to determine the frequency of a second allele? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.2; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly uses p + q = 1 to determine the frequency of a second allele? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.2; SP 5.A.
Hardy-Weinberg Genotype Equation [Mini Skill]: Which calculation correctly uses p² + 2pq + q² = 1 to determine expected genotype frequencies?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.2; SP 5.A - AP Biology Equations and Formulas — Mini Skills: Which calculation correctly uses p² + 2pq + q² = 1 to determine expected genotype frequencies? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Appendix: Equations and Formulas; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.2; SP 5.A.
Topic 1.1: Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding
Water Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding: Which molecular model best explains how unequal electron sharing makes water polar and permits hydrogen bonding within and between biological molecules? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.1; LO 1.1.A; EK 1.1.A.1; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 1.1: Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding: Which molecular model best explains how unequal electron sharing makes water polar and permits hydrogen bonding within and between biological molecules? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.1; LO 1.1.A; EK 1.1.A.1; SP 1.B, 2.B.
High Specific Heat and Temperature Stability: Which explanation best connects water's high specific heat to stable temperatures in cells, organisms, and aquatic environments? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.1; LO 1.1.A; EK 1.1.A.1; SP 1.B, 6.D - Topic 1.1: Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding: Which explanation best connects water's high specific heat to stable temperatures in cells, organisms, and aquatic environments? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.1; LO 1.1.A; EK 1.1.A.1; SP 1.B, 6.D.
High Heat of Vaporization and Evaporative Cooling: Which prediction best explains how evaporation of water from a surface lowers the temperature of an organism or its surroundings? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.1; LO 1.1.A; EK 1.1.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 1.1: Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding: Which prediction best explains how evaporation of water from a surface lowers the temperature of an organism or its surroundings? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.1; LO 1.1.A; EK 1.1.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Cohesion, Adhesion, and Surface Tension: Which observation is best explained by hydrogen-bond-driven cohesion, adhesion, or surface tension among water molecules?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.1; LO 1.1.A; EK 1.1.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 1.1: Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding: Which observation is best explained by hydrogen-bond-driven cohesion, adhesion, or surface tension among water molecules? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.1; LO 1.1.A; EK 1.1.A.2; SP 1.C.
Topic 1.1: Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding — Mini Skills
Water-Property Visual Analysis [Mini Skill]: Which diagram or experimental result correctly links a property of water to a biological function?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.1; LO 1.1.A; EK 1.1.A.1, 1.1.A.2; SP 2.A, 2.C, 4.B - Topic 1.1: Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding — Mini Skills: Which diagram or experimental result correctly links a property of water to a biological function? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.1; LO 1.1.A; EK 1.1.A.1, 1.1.A.2; SP 2.A, 2.C, 4.B..
Topic 1.2: Elements of Life
Major Elements in Biological Molecules: Which option correctly identifies carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as prevalent building elements in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.2; LO 1.2.A; EK 1.2.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 1.2: Elements of Life: Which option correctly identifies carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as prevalent building elements in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.2; LO 1.2.A; EK 1.2.A.1; SP 1.A.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Roles: Which pairing correctly matches nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur with the biological macromolecules that require it? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.2; LO 1.2.A; EK 1.2.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 1.2: Elements of Life: Which pairing correctly matches nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur with the biological macromolecules that require it? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.2; LO 1.2.A; EK 1.2.A.1; SP 1.A.
Topic 1.2: Elements of Life — Mini Skills
Elemental Composition from Molecular Models [Mini Skill]: Which molecular representation contains the element pattern expected for the stated class of biological molecule?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.2; LO 1.2.A; EK 1.2.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 1.2: Elements of Life — Mini Skills: Which molecular representation contains the element pattern expected for the stated class of biological molecule? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.2; LO 1.2.A; EK 1.2.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B..
Topic 1.3: Introduction to Macromolecules
Hydrolysis of Biological Polymers: Which reaction diagram correctly shows water being used to break a covalent bond between monomers in a polymer? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.3; LO 1.3.A; EK 1.3.A.1; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 1.3: Introduction to Macromolecules: Which reaction diagram correctly shows water being used to break a covalent bond between monomers in a polymer? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.3; LO 1.3.A; EK 1.3.A.1; SP 1.B, 2.B.
Dehydration Synthesis: Which reaction model correctly shows two monomers joining by covalent bonding while the equivalent of a water molecule is removed? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.3; LO 1.3.A; EK 1.3.A.2; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 1.3: Introduction to Macromolecules: Which reaction model correctly shows two monomers joining by covalent bonding while the equivalent of a water molecule is removed? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.3; LO 1.3.A; EK 1.3.A.2; SP 1.B, 2.B.
Polymerization and Depolymerization: Which option best predicts whether hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis will dominate when a biological polymer is built or broken? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.3; LO 1.3.A; EK 1.3.A.1, 1.3.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 1.3: Introduction to Macromolecules.
Topic 1.3: Introduction to Macromolecules — Mini Skills
Macromolecule Reaction Accounting [Mini Skill]: Which diagram correctly accounts for the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups exchanged during polymer formation or breakdown?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.3; LO 1.3.A; EK 1.3.A.1, 1.3.A.2; SP 2.D - Topic 1.3: Introduction to Macromolecules — Mini Skills: Which diagram correctly accounts for the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups exchanged during polymer formation or breakdown? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.3; LO 1.3.A; EK 1.3.A.1, 1.3.A.2; SP 2.D.
Topic 1.4: Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides: Which statement correctly relates monosaccharide monomers to covalently linked polysaccharide polymers?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.4; LO 1.4.A; EK 1.4.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 1.4: Carbohydrates: Which statement correctly relates monosaccharide monomers to covalently linked polysaccharide polymers? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.4; LO 1.4.A; EK 1.4.A.1; SP 1.A.
Linear and Branched Carbohydrate Structure: Which representation correctly distinguishes a linear carbohydrate polymer from a branched carbohydrate polymer? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.4; LO 1.4.A; EK 1.4.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 1.4: Carbohydrates: Which representation correctly distinguishes a linear carbohydrate polymer from a branched carbohydrate polymer? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.4; LO 1.4.A; EK 1.4.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Carbohydrate Structure and Function: Which explanation best connects differences in carbohydrate polymer arrangement to differences in biological function? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.4; LO 1.4.A; EK 1.4.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.C - Topic 1.4: Carbohydrates.
Topic 1.5: Lipids
Hydrophobic Nature of Lipids: Which structural feature best explains why most lipids are nonpolar and poorly soluble in water?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 1.5: Lipids: Which structural feature best explains why most lipids are nonpolar and poorly soluble in water? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.1; SP 1.B..
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Which molecular diagram correctly identifies a saturated fatty acid or an unsaturated fatty acid from its carbon-carbon bonds? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.1; SP 2.A - Topic 1.5: Lipids: Which molecular diagram correctly identifies a saturated fatty acid or an unsaturated fatty acid from its carbon-carbon bonds? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.1; SP 2.A.
Unsaturation, Kinks, and Physical State: Which prediction correctly relates the number of double bonds in fatty acid tails to molecular kinking and liquidity at room temperature? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 1.5: Lipids: Which prediction correctly relates the number of double bonds in fatty acid tails to molecular kinking and liquidity at room temperature? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Fats as Energy Storage and Insulation: Which function is most directly associated with fats in long-term energy storage, cellular support, or thermal insulation? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.2; SP 1.A - Topic 1.5: Lipids: Which function is most directly associated with fats in long-term energy storage, cellular support, or thermal insulation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.2; SP 1.A.
Steroid Hormone Functions: Which option best links a steroid hormone to regulation of growth, development, metabolism, or homeostasis? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.2; SP 1.B - Topic 1.5: Lipids: Which option best links a steroid hormone to regulation of growth, development, metabolism, or homeostasis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.2; SP 1.B.
Cholesterol in Animal Membranes: Which prediction best describes the effect of altering cholesterol content on the structural stability of an animal cell membrane? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 1.5: Lipids: Which prediction best describes the effect of altering cholesterol content on the structural stability of an animal cell membrane? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Phospholipid Bilayer Formation: Which arrangement of phospholipids is most stable in an aqueous environment and therefore forms the basis of cell membranes? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 1.5: Lipids: Which arrangement of phospholipids is most stable in an aqueous environment and therefore forms the basis of cell membranes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.5; LO 1.5.A; EK 1.5.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Topic 1.6: Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide Components: Which labeled model correctly identifies the sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base in a nucleotide? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.1; SP 2.A - Topic 1.6: Nucleic Acids: Which labeled model correctly identifies the sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base in a nucleotide? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.1; SP 2.A.
Information in Nucleotide Sequences: Which statement best explains how the order of nucleotide monomers can encode biological information? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 1.6: Nucleic Acids: Which statement best explains how the order of nucleotide monomers can encode biological information? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.1; SP 1.B.
Five-Prime and Three-Prime Ends: Which nucleic acid diagram correctly identifies the 5-prime phosphate end and the 3-prime hydroxyl end? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.2; SP 2.A - Topic 1.6: Nucleic Acids: Which nucleic acid diagram correctly identifies the 5-prime phosphate end and the 3-prime hydroxyl end? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.2; SP 2.A.
Direction of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Which growing nucleic acid strand correctly shows a new nucleotide added to the 3-prime end?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.2; SP 2.D - Topic 1.6: Nucleic Acids: Which growing nucleic acid strand correctly shows a new nucleotide added to the 3-prime end? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.2; SP 2.D.
Antiparallel DNA Structure: Which DNA model correctly represents two strands running in opposite 5-prime-to-3-prime orientations? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.3; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 1.6: Nucleic Acids: Which DNA model correctly represents two strands running in opposite 5-prime-to-3-prime orientations? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.3; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Complementary Base Pairing: Which sequence correctly applies A-T and C-G pairing in DNA or A-U pairing in RNA? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.3; SP 2.D - Topic 1.6: Nucleic Acids: Which sequence correctly applies A-T and C-G pairing in DNA or A-U pairing in RNA? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.3; SP 2.D.
DNA and RNA Structural Differences: Which comparison correctly distinguishes DNA and RNA by sugar, nitrogenous base, and typical number of strands? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.4; SP 1.A - Topic 1.6: Nucleic Acids: Which comparison correctly distinguishes DNA and RNA by sugar, nitrogenous base, and typical number of strands? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.6; LO 1.6.A; EK 1.6.A.4; SP 1.A.
Topic 1.7: Proteins
Peptide Bond Formation: Which diagram correctly shows a peptide bond forming between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 1.7: Proteins: Which diagram correctly shows a peptide bond forming between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Amino Acid Common Structure: Which molecular model correctly identifies the central carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group, and variable R group of an amino acid? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.2; SP 2.A - Topic 1.7: Proteins: Which molecular model correctly identifies the central carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group, and variable R group of an amino acid? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.2; SP 2.A.
R-Group Chemical Properties: Which classification correctly identifies an amino acid R group as nonpolar, polar, or ionic and predicts its likely interactions? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.2; SP 1.C, 2.B - Topic 1.7: Proteins: Which classification correctly identifies an amino acid R group as nonpolar, polar, or ionic and predicts its likely interactions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.2; SP 1.C, 2.B.
Primary Protein Structure: Which statement best explains how amino acid sequence determines the primary structure and influences the final protein shape? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.3; SP 1.B - Topic 1.7: Proteins: Which statement best explains how amino acid sequence determines the primary structure and influences the final protein shape? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.3; SP 1.B.
Secondary Protein Structure: Which representation correctly identifies an alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide backbone? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.4; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 1.7: Proteins: Which representation correctly identifies an alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide backbone? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.4; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Tertiary Protein Structure: Which interaction among R groups best explains the tertiary folding shown in a protein model?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.5; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 1.7: Proteins: Which interaction among R groups best explains the tertiary folding shown in a protein model? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.5; SP 1.B, 2.B.
Quaternary Protein Structure: Which model correctly represents a functional protein assembled from multiple polypeptide subunits? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.6; SP 2.A - Topic 1.7: Proteins: Which model correctly represents a functional protein assembled from multiple polypeptide subunits? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.6; SP 2.A.
Topic 1.7: Proteins — Mini Skills
Protein Structure-Function Disruption [Mini Skill]: Which prediction best explains how changing an amino acid or disrupting a stabilizing interaction could alter protein function? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.2, 1.7.A.3, 1.7.A.4, 1.7.A.5, 1.7.A.6; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 1.7: Proteins — Mini Skills: Which prediction best explains how changing an amino acid or disrupting a stabilizing interaction could alter protein function? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 1.7; LO 1.7.A; EK 1.7.A.2, 1.7.A.3, 1.7.A.4, 1.7.A.5, 1.7.A.6; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function
Ribosome Structure, Function, and Common Ancestry: Which explanation best connects ribosomal RNA and protein structure to protein synthesis and the presence of ribosomes in all known forms of life? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function: Which explanation best connects ribosomal RNA and protein structure to protein synthesis and the presence of ribosomes in all known forms of life? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.1; SP 1.B.
Endomembrane System Coordination: Which pathway correctly traces a cellular product through organelles that modify, package, and transport it? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function: Which pathway correctly traces a cellular product through organelles that modify, package, and transport it? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Which observation best supports the role of rough ER in compartmentalization, intracellular transport, and synthesis of proteins destined for membranes or secretion?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.3; SP 1.B - Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function: Which observation best supports the role of rough ER in compartmentalization, intracellular transport, and synthesis of proteins destined for membranes or secretion? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.3; SP 1.B.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Which cellular function is most directly associated with smooth ER activity, such as lipid synthesis or detoxification? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.3; SP 1.A - Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function: Which cellular function is most directly associated with smooth ER activity, such as lipid synthesis or detoxification? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.3; SP 1.A.
Golgi Modification and Packaging: Which sequence best explains how the Golgi modifies, sorts, and packages newly synthesized cellular products? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.4; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function: Which sequence best explains how the Golgi modifies, sorts, and packages newly synthesized cellular products? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.4; SP 1.B, 2.B.
Mitochondrial Membrane Structure: Which mitochondrial feature best increases the efficiency of aerobic ATP production by separating reactions and increasing membrane surface area? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.5; SP 1.B, 2.C - Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function: Which mitochondrial feature best increases the efficiency of aerobic ATP production by separating reactions and increasing membrane surface area? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.5; SP 1.B, 2.C.
Lysosomal Digestion and Apoptosis: Which outcome is most likely when lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes or lysosome-mediated programmed cell death are disrupted? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.6; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function: Which outcome is most likely when lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes or lysosome-mediated programmed cell death are disrupted? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.6; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Plant and Animal Vacuoles: Which comparison correctly distinguishes the large central vacuole of a plant cell from smaller, more numerous animal-cell vacuoles? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.7; SP 1.A - Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function: Which comparison correctly distinguishes the large central vacuole of a plant cell from smaller, more numerous animal-cell vacuoles? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.7; SP 1.A.
Chloroplast Structure and Function: Which organelle model correctly identifies a double-membrane photosynthetic organelle found in plants and photosynthetic algae? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.8; SP 2.A - Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function: Which organelle model correctly identifies a double-membrane photosynthetic organelle found in plants and photosynthetic algae? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.8; SP 2.A.
Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function — Mini Skills
Organelle Identification from Micrographs [Mini Skill]: Which labeled structure in a micrograph is correctly matched to its cellular function? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.1, 2.1.A.2, 2.1.A.3, 2.1.A.4, 2.1.A.5, 2.1.A.6, 2.1.A.7, 2.1.A.8; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function — Mini Skills: Which labeled structure in a micrograph is correctly matched to its cellular function?
Predicting Effects of Organelle Dysfunction [Mini Skill]: Which downstream cellular effect is most likely after a specified organelle or endomembrane component is inhibited? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.1, 2.1.A.2, 2.1.A.3, 2.1.A.4, 2.1.A.5, 2.1.A.6, 2.1.A.7, 2.1.A.8; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 2.1: Cell Structure and Function — Mini Skills: Which downstream cellular effect is most likely after a specified organelle or endomembrane component is inhibited? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.1; LO 2.1.A; EK 2.1.A.1, 2.1.A.2, 2.1.A.3, 2.1.A.4, 2.1.A.5, 2.1.A.6, 2.1.A.7, 2.1.A.8; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Topic 2.2: Cell Size
Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio: Which explanation best connects surface area-to-volume ratio to nutrient uptake, waste removal, heat exchange, and chemical exchange? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 2.2: Cell Size: Which explanation best connects surface area-to-volume ratio to nutrient uptake, waste removal, heat exchange, and chemical exchange? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.1; SP 1.B.
Calculate Surface Area and Volume: Which calculation correctly determines surface area, volume, and the resulting surface area-to-volume ratio for a biological structure?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.1; SP 5.A - Topic 2.2: Cell Size: Which calculation correctly determines surface area, volume, and the resulting surface area-to-volume ratio for a biological structure? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.1; SP 5.A.
Cell Size and Exchange Efficiency: Which prediction correctly compares exchange efficiency in smaller and larger cells based on surface area-to-volume ratio? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 2.2: Cell Size: Which prediction correctly compares exchange efficiency in smaller and larger cells based on surface area-to-volume ratio? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Increasing Cell Volume: Which graph or calculation correctly shows how surface area-to-volume ratio changes as a cell’s linear dimensions increase? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.2; SP 2.D, 5.A - Topic 2.2: Cell Size: Which graph or calculation correctly shows how surface area-to-volume ratio changes as a cell’s linear dimensions increase? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.2; SP 2.D, 5.A.
Membrane Folds and Exchange Surface: Which structural adaptation most effectively increases exchange capacity without a proportional increase in cell volume?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.2; SP 1.C, 2.C - Topic 2.2: Cell Size: Which structural adaptation most effectively increases exchange capacity without a proportional increase in cell volume? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.2; SP 1.C, 2.C..
Body Size and Heat Exchange: Which prediction correctly relates organism size and surface area-to-volume ratio to the rate of heat exchange with the environment? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 2.2: Cell Size.
Topic 2.2: Cell Size — Mini Skills
Body Size and Mass-Specific Metabolic Rate [Mini Skill]: Which data pattern is most consistent with smaller organisms generally having a higher metabolic rate per unit body mass? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.2; SP 4.B, 6.D - Topic 2.2: Cell Size — Mini Skills: Which data pattern is most consistent with smaller organisms generally having a higher metabolic rate per unit body mass? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.2; LO 2.2.A; EK 2.2.A.2; SP 4.B, 6.D.
Topic 2.3: Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid Orientation in Water: Which membrane diagram correctly orients hydrophilic phosphate heads toward aqueous environments and hydrophobic fatty acid tails inward? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.3; LO 2.3.A; EK 2.3.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.D - Topic 2.3: Plasma Membrane: Which membrane diagram correctly orients hydrophilic phosphate heads toward aqueous environments and hydrophobic fatty acid tails inward? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.3; LO 2.3.A; EK 2.3.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.D.
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Protein Regions: Which membrane-protein model correctly positions polar and nonpolar amino acid regions relative to cytosol and the bilayer interior?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.3; LO 2.3.A; EK 2.3.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.C - Topic 2.3: Plasma Membrane: Which membrane-protein model correctly positions polar and nonpolar amino acid regions relative to cytosol and the bilayer interior? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.3; LO 2.3.A; EK 2.3.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.C.
Fluid Mosaic Components: Which model includes the appropriate phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids of the fluid mosaic membrane?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.3; LO 2.3.B; EK 2.3.B.1; SP 2.A - Topic 2.3: Plasma Membrane: Which model includes the appropriate phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids of the fluid mosaic membrane? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.3; LO 2.3.B; EK 2.3.B.1; SP 2.A.
Membrane Fluidity and Component Movement: Which observation best supports the fluid mosaic model’s prediction that membrane components move laterally within the bilayer?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.3; LO 2.3.B; EK 2.3.B.1; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 2.3: Plasma Membrane: Which observation best supports the fluid mosaic model’s prediction that membrane components move laterally within the bilayer? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.3; LO 2.3.B; EK 2.3.B.1; SP 1.B, 2.B.
Topic 2.4: Membrane Permeability
Hydrophobic Core and Selective Permeability: Which explanation best connects the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane to selective permeability? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.4; LO 2.4.A; EK 2.4.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 2.4: Membrane Permeability: Which explanation best connects the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane to selective permeability? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.4; LO 2.4.A; EK 2.4.A.1; SP 1.B.
Diffusion of Small Nonpolar Molecules: Which molecule is most likely to cross the phospholipid bilayer freely without a transport protein?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.4; LO 2.4.A; EK 2.4.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 2.4: Membrane Permeability: Which molecule is most likely to cross the phospholipid bilayer freely without a transport protein? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.4; LO 2.4.A; EK 2.4.A.2; SP 1.C.
Transport of Ions and Large Polar Molecules: Which prediction correctly identifies when an embedded channel or carrier protein is required for membrane crossing? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.4; LO 2.4.A; EK 2.4.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 2.4: Membrane Permeability: Which prediction correctly identifies when an embedded channel or carrier protein is required for membrane crossing? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.4; LO 2.4.A; EK 2.4.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Limited Passage of Small Polar Molecules: Students compare membrane permeability for ions, large polar molecules, and small uncharged polar molecules. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.4; LO 2.4.A; EK 2.4.A.3; SP 1.C - Topic 2.4: Membrane Permeability: Which comparison correctly predicts membrane permeability for ions, large polar molecules, and small uncharged polar molecules? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.4; LO 2.4.A; EK 2.4.A.3; SP 1.C.
Cell Wall Structure and Osmotic Protection: Which explanation best connects cell walls in bacteria, archaea, fungi, or plants to structural support, limited permeability, and protection from osmotic lysis? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.4; LO 2.4.B; EK 2.4.B.1; SP 1.B - Topic 2.4: Membrane Permeability: Which explanation best connects cell walls in bacteria, archaea, fungi, or plants to structural support, limited permeability, and protection from osmotic lysis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.4; LO 2.4.B; EK 2.4.B.1; SP 1.B.
Topic 2.5: Membrane Transport
Concentration Gradients Across Membranes: Which membrane diagram correctly identifies the direction and relative magnitude of a solute concentration gradient?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.A; EK 2.5.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 2.5: Membrane Transport: Which membrane diagram correctly identifies the direction and relative magnitude of a solute concentration gradient? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.A; EK 2.5.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Passive Transport: Which scenario represents net movement down a concentration gradient without direct metabolic energy input? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.A; EK 2.5.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 2.5: Membrane Transport: Which scenario represents net movement down a concentration gradient without direct metabolic energy input? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.A; EK 2.5.A.2; SP 1.C.
Active Transport: Which scenario requires direct energy input to move a substance against its concentration gradient? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.A; EK 2.5.A.3; SP 1.C - Topic 2.5: Membrane Transport: Which scenario requires direct energy input to move a substance against its concentration gradient? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.A; EK 2.5.A.3; SP 1.C.
Endocytosis: Which sequence correctly shows the plasma membrane enclosing extracellular material to form an internal vesicle? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.B; EK 2.5.B.1; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 2.5: Membrane Transport: Which sequence correctly shows the plasma membrane enclosing extracellular material to form an internal vesicle? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.B; EK 2.5.B.1; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Exocytosis: Which sequence correctly shows an intracellular vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane to release material outside the cell? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.B; EK 2.5.B.1; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 2.5: Membrane Transport: Which sequence correctly shows an intracellular vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane to release material outside the cell? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.B; EK 2.5.B.1; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Energy Use in Bulk Transport: Which prediction best explains why blocking ATP production would reduce endocytosis or exocytosis? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.B; EK 2.5.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 2.5: Membrane Transport: Which prediction best explains why blocking ATP production would reduce endocytosis or exocytosis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.5; LO 2.5.B; EK 2.5.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Topic 2.6: Facilitated Diffusion
Ion Channels and Membrane Polarization: Which explanation best connects ion movement through channel proteins to changes in membrane polarization? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.6; LO 2.6.A; EK 2.6.A.1; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 2.6: Facilitated Diffusion: Which explanation best connects ion movement through channel proteins to changes in membrane polarization? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.6; LO 2.6.A; EK 2.6.A.1; SP 1.B, 2.B.
Facilitated Diffusion of Large Polar Molecules: Which transport model correctly shows a large polar molecule moving down its concentration gradient through a membrane protein without direct energy input?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.6; LO 2.6.A; EK 2.6.A.2; SP 2.B - Topic 2.6: Facilitated Diffusion: Which transport model correctly shows a large polar molecule moving down its concentration gradient through a membrane protein without direct energy input? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.6; LO 2.6.A; EK 2.6.A.2; SP 2.B.
Aquaporin-Mediated Water Transport: Which prediction best describes the effect of increasing or decreasing aquaporin abundance on water movement across a membrane? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.6; LO 2.6.A; EK 2.6.A.3; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 2.6: Facilitated Diffusion: Which prediction best describes the effect of increasing or decreasing aquaporin abundance on water movement across a membrane? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.6; LO 2.6.A; EK 2.6.A.3; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Topic 2.7: Tonicity and Osmoregulation
Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic Conditions: Which comparison correctly classifies the external solution relative to the cell and predicts the net direction of water movement? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.A; EK 2.7.A.1; SP 1.C, 2.B - Topic 2.7: Tonicity and Osmoregulation: Which comparison correctly classifies the external solution relative to the cell and predicts the net direction of water movement? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.A; EK 2.7.A.1; SP 1.C, 2.B.
Osmosis and Water Potential: Which statement correctly predicts that water moves from higher water potential to lower water potential across a selectively permeable membrane? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.A; EK 2.7.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 2.7: Tonicity and Osmoregulation: Which statement correctly predicts that water moves from higher water potential to lower water potential across a selectively permeable membrane? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.A; EK 2.7.A.1; SP 1.B.
Calculate Water Potential: Which calculation correctly determines total water potential from pressure potential and solute potential?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.A; EK 2.7.A.1; SP 5.A - Topic 2.7: Tonicity and Osmoregulation: Which calculation correctly determines total water potential from pressure potential and solute potential? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.A; EK 2.7.A.1; SP 5.A.
Cell Responses to Tonicity: Which diagram correctly predicts swelling, shrinking, lysis, plasmolysis, or turgor under the stated osmotic conditions?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.A, 2.7.B; EK 2.7.A.1, 2.7.B.1; SP 2.B, 6.E - Topic 2.7: Tonicity and Osmoregulation: Which diagram correctly predicts swelling, shrinking, lysis, plasmolysis, or turgor under the stated osmotic conditions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.A, 2.7.B; EK 2.7.A.1, 2.7.B.1; SP 2.B, 6.E..
Membrane Exchange and Homeostasis: Which explanation best connects continual molecular movement across membranes to growth and maintenance of homeostasis? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.B; EK 2.7.B.1; SP 1.B - Topic 2.7: Tonicity and Osmoregulation: Which explanation best connects continual molecular movement across membranes to growth and maintenance of homeostasis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.B; EK 2.7.B.1; SP 1.B.
Osmoregulation: Which physiological strategy best maintains an organism's internal solute concentration and water balance in the stated environment? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.B; EK 2.7.B.2; SP 1.C - Topic 2.7: Tonicity and Osmoregulation: Which physiological strategy best maintains an organism's internal solute concentration and water balance in the stated environment? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.B; EK 2.7.B.2; SP 1.C.
Calculate Solute Potential: Which calculation correctly uses ionization, molar concentration, the pressure constant, and Kelvin temperature to determine solute potential? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.B; EK 2.7.B.2; SP 5.A - Topic 2.7: Tonicity and Osmoregulation: Which calculation correctly uses ionization, molar concentration, the pressure constant, and Kelvin temperature to determine solute potential? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.7; LO 2.7.B; EK 2.7.B.2; SP 5.A.
Topic 2.8: Mechanisms of Transport
ATP-Driven Active Transport: Which transport process directly couples ATP use to movement of ions or molecules across a membrane? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.8; LO 2.8.A; EK 2.8.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 2.8: Mechanisms of Transport: Which transport process directly couples ATP use to movement of ions or molecules across a membrane? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.8; LO 2.8.A; EK 2.8.A.1; SP 1.B.
Membrane Proteins in Active Transport: Which protein model is most consistent with selective, energy-dependent movement across the membrane?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.8; LO 2.8.A; EK 2.8.A.1; SP 2.B - Topic 2.8: Mechanisms of Transport: Which protein model is most consistent with selective, energy-dependent movement across the membrane? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.8; LO 2.8.A; EK 2.8.A.1; SP 2.B.
Sodium-Potassium Pump and Membrane Potential: Which prediction best describes how inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump alters ion gradients and membrane potential?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.8; LO 2.8.A; EK 2.8.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 2.8: Mechanisms of Transport: Which prediction best describes how inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump alters ion gradients and membrane potential? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.8; LO 2.8.A; EK 2.8.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E..
Topic 2.9: Cell Compartmentalization
Compartmentalization of Metabolic Processes: Which explanation best describes how membrane-bound organelles separate incompatible reactions and create specialized reaction environments? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.9; LO 2.9.A; EK 2.9.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 2.9: Cell Compartmentalization: Which explanation best describes how membrane-bound organelles separate incompatible reactions and create specialized reaction environments? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.9; LO 2.9.A; EK 2.9.A.1; SP 1.B.
Minimizing Competing Interactions: Which cellular arrangement most effectively prevents competing reactions from interfering with one another? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.9; LO 2.9.B; EK 2.9.B.1; SP 1.C - Topic 2.9: Cell Compartmentalization.
Internal Membranes and Reaction Surface Area: Which organelle modification would most directly increase the membrane area available for enzyme-mediated reactions? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.9; LO 2.9.B; EK 2.9.B.1; SP 1.C, 2.C - Topic 2.9: Cell Compartmentalization: Which organelle modification would most directly increase the membrane area available for enzyme-mediated reactions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.9; LO 2.9.B; EK 2.9.B.1; SP 1.C, 2.C.
Topic 2.10: Origins of Cell Compartmentalization
Endosymbiotic Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Students identify and use evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from formerly free-living prokaryotic cells. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.10; LO 2.10.A; EK 2.10.A.1; SP 1.B, 6.B - Topic 2.10: Origins of Cell Compartmentalization.
Prokaryotic Internal Organization: Which statement correctly describes how prokaryotic cells can possess specialized internal regions despite usually lacking membrane-bound organelles?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.10; LO 2.10.A; EK 2.10.A.2; SP 1.A - Topic 2.10: Origins of Cell Compartmentalization: Which statement correctly describes how prokaryotic cells can possess specialized internal regions despite usually lacking membrane-bound organelles? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.10; LO 2.10.A; EK 2.10.A.2; SP 1.A.
Eukaryotic Internal Membranes: Which comparison best explains how eukaryotic internal membranes partition cellular functions into specialized regions? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.10; LO 2.10.A; EK 2.10.A.3; SP 1.B - Topic 2.10: Origins of Cell Compartmentalization: Which comparison best explains how eukaryotic internal membranes partition cellular functions into specialized regions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.10; LO 2.10.A; EK 2.10.A.3; SP 1.B.
Topic 2.10: Origins of Cell Compartmentalization — Mini Skills
Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Compartmentalization [Mini Skill]: Which diagram or table correctly distinguishes compartmentalization in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 2.10; LO 2.10.A; EK 2.10.A.1, 2.10.A.2, 2.10.A.3; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 2.10: Origins of Cell Compartmentalization — Mini Skills: Which diagram or table correctly distinguishes compartmentalization in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 2.10; LO 2.10.A; EK 2.10.A.1, 2.10.A.2, 2.10.A.3; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Topic 3.1: Enzymes
Enzymes as Biological Catalysts: Which explanation best describes how enzymes regulate cellular reactions by lowering activation energy without being consumed?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.1; LO 3.1.A; EK 3.1.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 3.1: Enzymes: Which explanation best describes how enzymes regulate cellular reactions by lowering activation energy without being consumed? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.1; LO 3.1.A; EK 3.1.A.1; SP 1.B..
Activation-Energy Diagrams: Which energy diagram correctly shows the effect of an enzyme on activation energy while leaving the overall free-energy change unchanged? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.1; LO 3.1.A; EK 3.1.A.1; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 3.1: Enzymes: Which energy diagram correctly shows the effect of an enzyme on activation energy while leaving the overall free-energy change unchanged? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.1; LO 3.1.A; EK 3.1.A.1; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Enzyme-Substrate Compatibility: Which molecular model best explains why substrate shape and charge must be compatible with an enzyme's active site? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.1; LO 3.1.A; EK 3.1.A.2; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 3.1: Enzymes: Which molecular model best explains why substrate shape and charge must be compatible with an enzyme's active site? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.1; LO 3.1.A; EK 3.1.A.2; SP 1.B, 2.B.
Predicting Effects of Active-Site Changes: Which prediction best describes how an amino acid substitution in an active site could affect substrate binding and reaction rate?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.1; LO 3.1.A; EK 3.1.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 3.1: Enzymes: Which prediction best describes how an amino acid substitution in an active site could affect substrate binding and reaction rate? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.1; LO 3.1.A; EK 3.1.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Topic 3.2: Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function
Enzyme Structure and Catalytic Efficiency: Which option best explains how a molecular change in an enzyme can alter its catalytic function or efficiency? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.A; EK 3.2.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 3.2: Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function: Which option best explains how a molecular change in an enzyme can alter its catalytic function or efficiency? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.A; EK 3.2.A.1; SP 1.B.
Temperature- or pH-Induced Denaturation: Which prediction best connects an extreme temperature or pH change to disrupted protein interactions, altered enzyme shape, and reduced activity? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.A; EK 3.2.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 3.2: Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function: Which prediction best connects an extreme temperature or pH change to disrupted protein interactions, altered enzyme shape, and reduced activity? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.A; EK 3.2.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Reversible Denaturation: Which result would provide the strongest evidence that an enzyme regained function after a reversible structural change?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.A; EK 3.2.A.2; SP 3.B, 4.B - Topic 3.2: Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function: Which result would provide the strongest evidence that an enzyme regained function after a reversible structural change? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.A; EK 3.2.A.2; SP 3.B, 4.B..
Substrate and Product Concentrations: Which graph or explanation best describes how relative substrate and product concentrations affect the progress of an enzyme-mediated reaction? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.B; EK 3.2.B.1; SP 1.B, 4.B - Topic 3.2: Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function: Which graph or explanation best describes how relative substrate and product concentrations affect the progress of an enzyme-mediated reaction? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.B; EK 3.2.B.1; SP 1.B, 4.B.
Temperature and Collision Frequency: Which portion of an enzyme-rate graph is best explained by increased molecular motion and more frequent enzyme-substrate collisions below the optimum temperature?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.B; EK 3.2.B.2; SP 4.B, 6.D - Topic 3.2: Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function: Which portion of an enzyme-rate graph is best explained by increased molecular motion and more frequent enzyme-substrate collisions below the optimum temperature? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.B; EK 3.2.B.2; SP 4.B, 6.D.
Competitive Inhibition: Which model correctly shows a reversible inhibitor competing with a substrate for the enzyme’s active site?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.B; EK 3.2.B.3; SP 2.B - Topic 3.2: Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function: Which model correctly shows a reversible inhibitor competing with a substrate for the enzyme’s active site? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.B; EK 3.2.B.3; SP 2.B.
Noncompetitive and Allosteric Inhibition: Students identify models in which an inhibitor binds away from the active site and changes enzyme activity through an allosteric effect. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.B; EK 3.2.B.3; SP 2.B - Topic 3.2: Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function.
Topic 3.2: Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function — Mini Skills
Enzyme-Investigation Design [Mini Skill]: Which experimental design best isolates the effect of temperature, pH, substrate concentration, or inhibitor type on enzyme activity? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.A, 3.2.B; EK 3.2.A.1, 3.2.A.2, 3.2.B.1, 3.2.B.2, 3.2.B.3; SP 3.C, 3.D - Topic 3.2: Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function — Mini Skills: Which experimental design best isolates the effect of temperature, pH, substrate concentration, or inhibitor type on enzyme activity? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.2; LO 3.2.A, 3.2.B; EK 3.2.A.1, 3.2.A.2, 3.2.B.1, 3.2.B.2, 3.2.B.3; SP 3.C, 3.D.
Topic 3.3: Cellular Energy
Energy Requirement of Living Systems: Which statement best explains why all living systems require a continuous input or controlled transfer of energy? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.A; EK 3.3.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 3.3: Cellular Energy: Which statement best explains why all living systems require a continuous input or controlled transfer of energy? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.A; EK 3.3.A.1; SP 1.B.
Thermodynamics and Biological Order: Which explanation best reconciles the maintenance of biological order with the first and second laws of thermodynamics? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.A; EK 3.3.A.2; SP 1.B, 6.C - Topic 3.3: Cellular Energy: Which explanation best reconciles the maintenance of biological order with the first and second laws of thermodynamics? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.A; EK 3.3.A.2; SP 1.B, 6.C.
Energy Input, Loss, and Homeostasis: Which prediction best describes what occurs when energy input no longer compensates for energy loss in a biological system?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.A; EK 3.3.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 3.3: Cellular Energy: Which prediction best describes what occurs when energy input no longer compensates for energy loss in a biological system? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.A; EK 3.3.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Energy Coupling: Which paired reactions correctly show an energy-releasing process driving an energy-requiring cellular process? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.A; EK 3.3.A.2; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 3.3: Cellular Energy: Which paired reactions correctly show an energy-releasing process driving an energy-requiring cellular process? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.A; EK 3.3.A.2; SP 1.B, 2.B.
Sequential Metabolic Pathways: Which flowchart correctly represents a metabolic pathway in which each reaction product becomes a reactant for a later step?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.A; EK 3.3.A.3; SP 2.D - Topic 3.3: Cellular Energy: Which flowchart correctly represents a metabolic pathway in which each reaction product becomes a reactant for a later step? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.A; EK 3.3.A.3; SP 2.D.
Conserved Core Metabolic Pathways: Which evidence best supports common ancestry based on the conservation of glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation across the domains of life? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.B; EK 3.3.B.1; SP 1.B, 6.B - Topic 3.3: Cellular Energy: Which evidence best supports common ancestry based on the conservation of glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation across the domains of life? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.3; LO 3.3.B; EK 3.3.B.1; SP 1.B, 6.B.
Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis
Overall Photosynthesis Inputs and Outputs: Which equation or model correctly represents light energy, carbon dioxide, and water being used to produce carbohydrate and oxygen? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A; EK 3.4.A.1; SP 2.D - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis: Which equation or model correctly represents light energy, carbon dioxide, and water being used to produce carbohydrate and oxygen? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A; EK 3.4.A.1; SP 2.D.
Photosynthesis and Earth’s Oxygenation: Which evidence best supports the conclusion that early cyanobacterial photosynthesis contributed to an oxygenated atmosphere and preceded eukaryotic photosynthesis? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A; EK 3.4.A.1; SP 1.B, 6.B - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis: Which evidence best supports the conclusion that early cyanobacterial photosynthesis contributed to an oxygenated atmosphere and preceded eukaryotic photosynthesis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A; EK 3.4.A.1; SP 1.B, 6.B.
Chloroplast Compartments: Which chloroplast diagram correctly locates the stroma, thylakoids, grana, light reactions, and carbon-fixation reactions? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A; EK 3.4.A.2; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis: Which chloroplast diagram correctly locates the stroma, thylakoids, grana, light reactions, and carbon-fixation reactions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A; EK 3.4.A.2; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Photosystems and Thylakoid Proteins: Which representation correctly places chlorophyll-containing photosystems and electron-transport proteins in the thylakoid membrane? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A; EK 3.4.A.2; SP 2.A - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis: Which representation correctly places chlorophyll-containing photosystems and electron-transport proteins in the thylakoid membrane? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A; EK 3.4.A.2; SP 2.A.
ATP and NADPH from Light Reactions: Which explanation best describes how the light reactions capture energy and produce ATP and NADPH for carbohydrate synthesis? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A; EK 3.4.A.3; SP 1.B - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis: Which explanation best describes how the light reactions capture energy and produce ATP and NADPH for carbohydrate synthesis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A; EK 3.4.A.3; SP 1.B.
Electron Transfer to NADP+: Which pathway correctly traces photosynthetic electrons through the thylakoid electron transport chain to the reduction of NADP+?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.1; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis: Which pathway correctly traces photosynthetic electrons through the thylakoid electron transport chain to the reduction of NADP+? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.1; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Light Absorption and Water Splitting: Which explanation best connects chlorophyll excitation, loss of high-energy electrons, and replacement electrons supplied by splitting water?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.2; SP 1.B - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis: Which explanation best connects chlorophyll excitation, loss of high-energy electrons, and replacement electrons supplied by splitting water? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.2; SP 1.B.
Photosystem II to Photosystem I: Which diagram correctly orders photosystem II, the electron transport chain, and photosystem I during the light reactions? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.3; SP 2.D - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis: Which diagram correctly orders photosystem II, the electron transport chain, and photosystem I during the light reactions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.3; SP 2.D.
Thylakoid Proton Gradient: Which prediction correctly identifies where protons accumulate and how redox reactions establish the thylakoid electrochemical gradient?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.4; SP 1.C, 2.B - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis: Which prediction correctly identifies where protons accumulate and how redox reactions establish the thylakoid electrochemical gradient? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.4; SP 1.C, 2.B.
Photophosphorylation and Chemiosmosis: Which model correctly shows protons flowing through ATP synthase to drive ATP formation during photophosphorylation?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.5; SP 2.B, 2.C - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis: Which model correctly shows protons flowing through ATP synthase to drive ATP formation during photophosphorylation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.5; SP 2.B, 2.C.
Calvin Cycle Energy Inputs: Which statement best explains how ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions power carbohydrate production from carbon dioxide in the stroma?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.6; SP 1.B - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis: Which statement best explains how ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions power carbohydrate production from carbon dioxide in the stroma? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.B; EK 3.4.B.6; SP 1.B.
Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis — Mini Skills
Photosynthesis Perturbation Analysis [Mini Skill]: Which prediction best describes the downstream effects of blocking water splitting, electron transport, ATP synthase, or carbon fixation?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A, 3.4.B; EK 3.4.A.1, 3.4.A.2, 3.4.A.3, 3.4.B.1, 3.4.B.2, 3.4.B.3, 3.4.B.4, 3.4.B.5, 3.4.B.6; SP 6.E, 2.C - Topic 3.4: Photosynthesis — Mini Skills: Which prediction best describes the downstream effects of blocking water splitting, electron transport, ATP synthase, or carbon fixation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.4; LO 3.4.A, 3.4.B; EK 3.4.A.1, 3.4.A.2, 3.4.A.3, 3.4.B.1, 3.4.B.2, 3.4.B.3, 3.4.B.4, 3.4.B.5, 3.4.B.6; SP 6.E, 2.C..
Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration and ATP Synthesis: Which explanation best describes how cells capture energy from biological macromolecules to synthesize ATP? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A; EK 3.5.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration: Which explanation best describes how cells capture energy from biological macromolecules to synthesize ATP? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A; EK 3.5.A.1; SP 1.B.
Respiration and Fermentation Across Life: Which evidence best supports the conclusion that respiration and fermentation are ancient processes shared across diverse forms of life? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A; EK 3.5.A.1; SP 1.B, 6.B - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration: Which evidence best supports the conclusion that respiration and fermentation are ancient processes shared across diverse forms of life? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A; EK 3.5.A.1; SP 1.B, 6.B.
Coordinated Reactions of Aerobic Respiration: Which sequence correctly represents the major coordinated stages that transfer energy from macromolecules during aerobic respiration?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A; EK 3.5.A.2; SP 2.D - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration: Which sequence correctly represents the major coordinated stages that transfer energy from macromolecules during aerobic respiration? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A; EK 3.5.A.2; SP 2.D.
Respiratory Electron Transport and Terminal Acceptors: Which explanation best traces electrons from reduced carriers through an electron transport chain to oxygen or another terminal acceptor?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A; EK 3.5.A.3; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration: Which explanation best traces electrons from reduced carriers through an electron transport chain to oxygen or another terminal acceptor? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A; EK 3.5.A.3; SP 1.B, 2.B.
Glycolysis Products: Which set of products is correctly associated with glycolysis and the partial extraction of energy from glucose? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.1; SP 1.A - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration: Which set of products is correctly associated with glycolysis and the partial extraction of energy from glucose? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.1; SP 1.A.
Pyruvate Oxidation and Electron Carriers: Which statement correctly connects pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle to carbon dioxide release and production of NADH and FADH2? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.2; SP 1.B - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration: Which statement correctly connects pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle to carbon dioxide release and production of NADH and FADH2? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.2; SP 1.B.
Citric Acid Cycle in the Matrix: Which mitochondrial diagram correctly locates the citric acid cycle and identifies its major categories of outputs?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.3; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration: Which mitochondrial diagram correctly locates the citric acid cycle and identifies its major categories of outputs? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.3; SP 2.A, 2.B..
Delivery of Electrons to the ETC: Which pathway correctly shows NADH and FADH2 transferring electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the inner mitochondrial membrane?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.4; SP 2.D - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration: Which pathway correctly shows NADH and FADH2 transferring electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the inner mitochondrial membrane? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.4; SP 2.D.
Mitochondrial Proton Gradient: Which prediction correctly identifies the relative pH of the matrix and intermembrane space as the respiratory electron transport chain operates?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.5; SP 1.C, 2.B - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration: Which prediction correctly identifies the relative pH of the matrix and intermembrane space as the respiratory electron transport chain operates? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.5; SP 1.C, 2.B.
Oxidative Phosphorylation: Which model correctly links electron transport, proton pumping, chemiosmosis, and ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A, 3.5.B; EK 3.5.A.3, 3.5.B.4, 3.5.B.5; SP 2.B, 2.C - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration: Which model correctly links electron transport, proton pumping, chemiosmosis, and ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A, 3.5.B; EK 3.5.A.3, 3.5.B.4, 3.5.B.5; SP 2.B, 2.C.
Fermentation and NAD+ Regeneration: Which explanation best describes how fermentation permits glycolysis to continue without oxygen while producing lactic acid or alcohol? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.6; SP 1.B - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration: Which explanation best describes how fermentation permits glycolysis to continue without oxygen while producing lactic acid or alcohol? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.B; EK 3.5.B.6; SP 1.B.
Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration — Mini Skills
Respiration Perturbation Analysis [Mini Skill]: Which prediction best describes the effects of inhibiting glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, electron transport, oxygen availability, or ATP synthase? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A, 3.5.B; EK 3.5.A.1, 3.5.A.2, 3.5.A.3, 3.5.B.1, 3.5.B.2, 3.5.B.3, 3.5.B.4, 3.5.B.5, 3.5.B.6; SP 6.E, 2.C - Topic 3.5: Cellular Respiration — Mini Skills: Which prediction best describes the effects of inhibiting glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, electron transport, oxygen availability, or ATP synthase? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 3.5; LO 3.5.A, 3.5.B; EK 3.5.A.1, 3.5.A.2, 3.5.A.3, 3.5.B.1, 3.5.B.2, 3.5.B.3, 3.5.B.4, 3.5.B.5, 3.5.B.6; SP 6.E, 2.C.
Topic 4.1: Cell Communication
Direct-Contact Cell Communication: Which scenario best represents cells exchanging information through direct physical contact?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.1; LO 4.1.A; EK 4.1.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 4.1: Cell Communication: Which scenario best represents cells exchanging information through direct physical contact? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.1; LO 4.1.A; EK 4.1.A.1; SP 1.C.
Chemical Signaling at a Distance: Which scenario best represents one cell releasing a chemical signal that is detected by a different target cell? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.1; LO 4.1.A; EK 4.1.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 4.1: Cell Communication: Which scenario best represents one cell releasing a chemical signal that is detected by a different target cell? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.1; LO 4.1.A; EK 4.1.A.1; SP 1.C.
Local Regulators: Which explanation best distinguishes short-distance signaling by local regulators from signaling that acts throughout an organism? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.1; LO 4.1.B; EK 4.1.B.1; SP 1.B - Topic 4.1: Cell Communication: Which explanation best distinguishes short-distance signaling by local regulators from signaling that acts throughout an organism? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.1; LO 4.1.B; EK 4.1.B.1; SP 1.B.
Long-Distance Signaling: Which pathway correctly shows a signal traveling a long distance to affect a target cell of another type? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.1; LO 4.1.B; EK 4.1.B.2; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 4.1: Cell Communication: Which pathway correctly shows a signal traveling a long distance to affect a target cell of another type? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.1; LO 4.1.B; EK 4.1.B.2; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Topic 4.1: Cell Communication — Mini Skills
Compare Communication Modes [Mini Skill]: Which table correctly compares direct contact, local signaling, and long-distance signaling by source, route, and target range?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.1; LO 4.1.A, 4.1.B; EK 4.1.A.1, 4.1.B.1, 4.1.B.2; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 4.1: Cell Communication — Mini Skills: Which table correctly compares direct contact, local signaling, and long-distance signaling by source, route, and target range? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.1; LO 4.1.A, 4.1.B; EK 4.1.A.1, 4.1.B.1, 4.1.B.2; SP 2.A, 2.B..
Topic 4.2: Introduction to Signal Transduction
Reception, Transduction, and Response: Which sequence correctly orders signal reception, intracellular transduction, and cellular response? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.A; EK 4.2.A.1; SP 2.D - Topic 4.2: Introduction to Signal Transduction.
Protein Modification in Signaling: explains how phosphorylation and other protein modifications can relay a signal through a transduction pathway. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.A; EK 4.2.A.2; SP 1.B - Topic 4.2: Introduction to Signal Transduction: Which explanation best describes how protein modification can relay a signal through a transduction pathway?
Phosphorylation Cascades: Which diagram correctly shows successive protein phosphorylation events transmitting a cellular signal? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.A; EK 4.2.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 4.2: Introduction to Signal Transduction: Which diagram correctly shows successive protein phosphorylation events transmitting a cellular signal? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.A; EK 4.2.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Ligand-Receptor Specificity: Which molecular pairing is most likely to initiate signaling based on complementary shape and chemical properties between a ligand and receptor? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.1; SP 1.C, 2.B - Topic 4.2: Introduction to Signal Transduction: Which molecular pairing is most likely to initiate signaling based on complementary shape and chemical properties between a ligand and receptor? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.1; SP 1.C, 2.B.
Cell-Surface and Intracellular Receptors: Which comparison correctly predicts whether a signaling molecule binds a plasma-membrane receptor or an intracellular receptor? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.1; SP 1.C - Topic 4.2: Introduction to Signal Transduction: Which comparison correctly predicts whether a signaling molecule binds a plasma-membrane receptor or an intracellular receptor? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.1; SP 1.C.
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Recognition: Which model correctly identifies a ligand binding to a G protein-coupled receptor and initiating an intracellular change? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.1; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 4.2: Introduction to Signal Transduction: Which model correctly identifies a ligand binding to a G protein-coupled receptor and initiating an intracellular change? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.1; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Signal Amplification: Which step in the pathway most directly explains how a small number of extracellular ligands can produce a large intracellular response?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.2; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 4.2: Introduction to Signal Transduction: Which step in the pathway most directly explains how a small number of extracellular ligands can produce a large intracellular response? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.2; SP 1.B, 2.B..
Second Messengers and Enzymes: Which explanation best describes how cAMP or an intracellular enzyme can relay and amplify a signal?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.2; SP 1.B - Topic 4.2: Introduction to Signal Transduction: Which explanation best describes how cAMP or an intracellular enzyme can relay and amplify a signal? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.2; SP 1.B.
Ligand-Gated Channels: Which prediction best describes how ligand binding changes ion movement when a ligand-gated channel opens or closes? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.2; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 4.2: Introduction to Signal Transduction: Which prediction best describes how ligand binding changes ion movement when a ligand-gated channel opens or closes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.2; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Signaling Outcomes: Which cellular response—growth, secretion, altered gene expression, or another response—is most consistent with the pathway shown? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.2; LO 4.2.B; EK 4.2.B.2; SP 2.C, 6.D - Topic 4.2: Introduction to Signal Transduction.
Topic 4.3: Signal Transduction Pathways
Gene Expression and Functional Responses: Which result best demonstrates that a signal transduction pathway altered gene expression, cell function, phenotype, or apoptosis?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.3; LO 4.3.A; EK 4.3.A.1; SP 1.C, 4.B - Topic 4.3: Signal Transduction Pathways: Which result best demonstrates that a signal transduction pathway altered gene expression, cell function, phenotype, or apoptosis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.3; LO 4.3.A; EK 4.3.A.1; SP 1.C, 4.B.
Receptor-Domain Mutations: Which prediction best describes how a mutation in a receptor's ligand-binding, membrane, or intracellular domain affects downstream signaling? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.3; LO 4.3.B; EK 4.3.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 4.3: Signal Transduction Pathways: Which prediction best describes how a mutation in a receptor's ligand-binding, membrane, or intracellular domain affects downstream signaling? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.3; LO 4.3.B; EK 4.3.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Mutations in Signaling Components: Which downstream pattern is most likely when an intracellular pathway component becomes inactive or constitutively active?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.3; LO 4.3.B; EK 4.3.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 4.3: Signal Transduction Pathways: Which downstream pattern is most likely when an intracellular pathway component becomes inactive or constitutively active? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.3; LO 4.3.B; EK 4.3.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Chemical Agonists and Antagonists: Which result best indicates that a chemical activates or inhibits a component of a signaling pathway? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.3; LO 4.3.B; EK 4.3.B.2; SP 3.B, 4.B - Topic 4.3: Signal Transduction Pathways: Which result best indicates that a chemical activates or inhibits a component of a signaling pathway? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.3; LO 4.3.B; EK 4.3.B.2; SP 3.B, 4.B.
Topic 4.3: Signal Transduction Pathways — Mini Skills
Signal-Pathway Experimental Analysis [Mini Skill]: Which treatment comparison best identifies the location or function of a disrupted signaling component? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.3; LO 4.3.A, 4.3.B; EK 4.3.A.1, 4.3.B.1, 4.3.B.2; SP 3.C, 5.D, 6.C - Topic 4.3: Signal Transduction Pathways — Mini Skills: Which treatment comparison best identifies the location or function of a disrupted signaling component? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.3; LO 4.3.A, 4.3.B; EK 4.3.A.1, 4.3.B.1, 4.3.B.2; SP 3.C, 5.D, 6.C.
Topic 4.4: Feedback
Negative Feedback: Which feedback-loop diagram correctly shows a response reducing the original stimulus and returning a system toward its set point?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.4; LO 4.4.A; EK 4.4.A.1; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 4.4: Feedback: Which feedback-loop diagram correctly shows a response reducing the original stimulus and returning a system toward its set point? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.4; LO 4.4.A; EK 4.4.A.1; SP 2.B, 2.D..
Positive Feedback: Which feedback-loop diagram correctly shows a response amplifying the original stimulus and moving a variable farther from its starting point?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.4; LO 4.4.A; EK 4.4.A.1; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 4.4: Feedback: Which feedback-loop diagram correctly shows a response amplifying the original stimulus and moving a variable farther from its starting point? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.4; LO 4.4.A; EK 4.4.A.1; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Feedback and Homeostasis: Which mechanism best maintains a stable internal condition after an environmental or physiological perturbation? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.4; LO 4.4.A; EK 4.4.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 4.4: Feedback: Which mechanism best maintains a stable internal condition after an environmental or physiological perturbation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.4; LO 4.4.A; EK 4.4.A.1; SP 1.C.
Predicting Feedback Disruptions: Which prediction best describes the effect of disabling a sensor, control component, or effector in a feedback system? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.4; LO 4.4.A; EK 4.4.A.1; SP 6.E, 2.C - Topic 4.4: Feedback.
Topic 4.4: Feedback — Mini Skills
Distinguish Positive and Negative Feedback [Mini Skill]: Which comparison correctly classifies two biological regulatory examples as positive or negative feedback?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.4; LO 4.4.A; EK 4.4.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 4.4: Feedback — Mini Skills: Which comparison correctly classifies two biological regulatory examples as positive or negative feedback? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.4; LO 4.4.A; EK 4.4.A.1; SP 1.C.
Topic 4.5: Cell Cycle
Cell-Cycle Sequence: Which sequence correctly orders G1, S, G2, mitosis, and cytokinesis in the eukaryotic cell cycle? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.A; EK 4.5.A.1; SP 2.D - Topic 4.5: Cell Cycle: Which sequence correctly orders G1, S, G2, mitosis, and cytokinesis in the eukaryotic cell cycle? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.A; EK 4.5.A.1; SP 2.D.
G1, S, and G2 Events: Which event is correctly matched to G1, S, or G2 phase of interphase? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.A; EK 4.5.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 4.5: Cell Cycle: Which event is correctly matched to G1, S, or G2 phase of interphase? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.A; EK 4.5.A.1; SP 1.A.
G0 and Cell-Cycle Exit: Which condition best describes a cell in G0 or a cell temporarily arrested at a specific stage? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.A; EK 4.5.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 4.5: Cell Cycle: Which condition best describes a cell in G0 or a cell temporarily arrested at a specific stage? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.A; EK 4.5.A.1; SP 1.B.
DNA Content Through the Cell Cycle: Which graph correctly represents changes in DNA content as a cell progresses through G1, S, G2, and mitosis?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.A; EK 4.5.A.1; SP 4.B, 2.D - Topic 4.5: Cell Cycle: Which graph correctly represents changes in DNA content as a cell progresses through G1, S, G2, and mitosis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.A; EK 4.5.A.1; SP 4.B, 2.D.
Purpose and Outcomes of Mitosis: Which statement best explains how mitosis supports growth, repair, or asexual reproduction while producing genetically identical daughter cells? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 1.B - Topic 4.5: Cell Cycle: Which statement best explains how mitosis supports growth, repair, or asexual reproduction while producing genetically identical daughter cells? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 1.B.
Prophase: Which micrograph or diagram shows chromosomes condensing, spindle formation beginning, and centrosomes moving toward opposite poles? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 2.A - Topic 4.5: Cell Cycle: Which micrograph or diagram shows chromosomes condensing, spindle formation beginning, and centrosomes moving toward opposite poles? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 2.A.
Metaphase: Which micrograph or diagram shows duplicated chromosomes aligned at the cell equator? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 2.A - Topic 4.5: Cell Cycle: Which micrograph or diagram shows duplicated chromosomes aligned at the cell equator? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 2.A.
Anaphase: Which micrograph or diagram shows sister chromatids separating and moving toward opposite poles? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 2.A - Topic 4.5: Cell Cycle: Which micrograph or diagram shows sister chromatids separating and moving toward opposite poles? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 2.A.
Telophase and Cytokinesis: Which sequence correctly shows spindle breakdown, nuclear-envelope reformation, and division of the cytoplasm? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 4.5: Cell Cycle: Which sequence correctly shows spindle breakdown, nuclear-envelope reformation, and division of the cytoplasm? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Animal and Plant Cytokinesis: Which comparison correctly distinguishes cleavage-furrow formation from cell-plate formation?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 1.A, 2.A - Topic 4.5: Cell Cycle: Which comparison correctly distinguishes cleavage-furrow formation from cell-plate formation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.5; LO 4.5.B; EK 4.5.B.1; SP 1.A, 2.A.
Topic 4.6: Regulation of Cell Cycle
Cell-Cycle Checkpoints: Which checkpoint decision is most consistent with the cell’s DNA integrity, size, nutrient availability, or spindle attachment status? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.6; LO 4.6.A; EK 4.6.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 4.6: Regulation of Cell Cycle: Which checkpoint decision is most consistent with the cell’s DNA integrity, size, nutrient availability, or spindle attachment status? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.6; LO 4.6.A; EK 4.6.A.1; SP 1.C.
Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Which explanation best describes how changing cyclin concentration or CDK activity controls progression through the cell cycle? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.6; LO 4.6.A; EK 4.6.A.2; SP 1.B - Topic 4.6: Regulation of Cell Cycle: Which explanation best describes how changing cyclin concentration or CDK activity controls progression through the cell cycle? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.6; LO 4.6.A; EK 4.6.A.2; SP 1.B.
Cancer from Cell-Cycle Disruption: Which alteration is most likely to produce uncontrolled cell division by weakening normal cell-cycle regulation?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.6; LO 4.6.B; EK 4.6.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 4.6: Regulation of Cell Cycle: Which alteration is most likely to produce uncontrolled cell division by weakening normal cell-cycle regulation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.6; LO 4.6.B; EK 4.6.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Apoptosis: Which cellular outcome is most consistent with activation of a programmed cell-death pathway? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.6; LO 4.6.B; EK 4.6.B.1; SP 1.A - Topic 4.6: Regulation of Cell Cycle: Which cellular outcome is most consistent with activation of a programmed cell-death pathway? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.6; LO 4.6.B; EK 4.6.B.1; SP 1.A.
Topic 4.6: Regulation of Cell Cycle — Mini Skills
Cell-Cycle Regulation Data [Mini Skill]: Which conclusion about a cyclin, CDK, inhibitor, or treatment is best supported by the cell-division or apoptosis data?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 4.6; LO 4.6.A, 4.6.B; EK 4.6.A.1, 4.6.A.2, 4.6.B.1; SP 4.B, 5.B, 5.D, 6.C - Topic 4.6: Regulation of Cell Cycle — Mini Skills: Which conclusion about a cyclin, CDK, inhibitor, or treatment is best supported by the cell-division or apoptosis data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 4.6; LO 4.6.A, 4.6.B; EK 4.6.A.1, 4.6.A.2, 4.6.B.1; SP 4.B, 5.B, 5.D, 6.C.
Topic 5.1: Meiosis
Meiosis and Haploid Gamete Formation: Which explanation best describes how meiosis reduces chromosome number to form haploid gametes in sexually reproducing diploid organisms?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 5.1: Meiosis: Which explanation best describes how meiosis reduces chromosome number to form haploid gametes in sexually reproducing diploid organisms? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.1; SP 1.B.
Prophase I: Which meiotic diagram shows homologous chromosomes pairing, synapsis, possible chiasmata formation, and spindle development?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.2; SP 2.A - Topic 5.1: Meiosis: Which meiotic diagram shows homologous chromosomes pairing, synapsis, possible chiasmata formation, and spindle development? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.2; SP 2.A..
Metaphase I: Which meiotic diagram shows homologous chromosome pairs aligned at the metaphase plate? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.2; SP 2.A - Topic 5.1: Meiosis: Which meiotic diagram shows homologous chromosome pairs aligned at the metaphase plate? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.2; SP 2.A.
Anaphase I: Which meiotic diagram shows homologous chromosomes separating while sister chromatids remain joined? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.2; SP 2.A - Topic 5.1: Meiosis: Which meiotic diagram shows homologous chromosomes separating while sister chromatids remain joined? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.2; SP 2.A.
Telophase I and Cytokinesis: Which outcome correctly describes the two haploid cells produced at the end of meiosis I?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.2; SP 1.A, 2.B - Topic 5.1: Meiosis: Which outcome correctly describes the two haploid cells produced at the end of meiosis I? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.2; SP 1.A, 2.B..
Prophase II and Metaphase II: Which diagram correctly identifies chromosome and spindle behavior during prophase II or metaphase II? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.3; SP 2.A - Topic 5.1: Meiosis: Which diagram correctly identifies chromosome and spindle behavior during prophase II or metaphase II? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.3; SP 2.A.
Anaphase II and Telophase II: Which sequence correctly shows sister chromatids separating and four haploid cells forming during meiosis II? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.3; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 5.1: Meiosis: Which sequence correctly shows sister chromatids separating and four haploid cells forming during meiosis II? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.3; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Compare Mitosis and Meiosis: Which comparison correctly distinguishes mitosis and meiosis by number of divisions, daughter cells, ploidy, and genetic similarity? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.B; EK 5.1.B.1; SP 1.B - Topic 5.1: Meiosis: Which comparison correctly distinguishes mitosis and meiosis by number of divisions, daughter cells, ploidy, and genetic similarity? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.B; EK 5.1.B.1; SP 1.B.
Spindle Function in Mitosis and Meiosis: Which explanation best identifies the shared role of spindle microtubules and the different chromosome behaviors in mitosis and meiosis? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.B; EK 5.1.B.1; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 5.1: Meiosis: Which explanation best identifies the shared role of spindle microtubules and the different chromosome behaviors in mitosis and meiosis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.B; EK 5.1.B.1; SP 1.B, 2.B.
Topic 5.1: Meiosis — Mini Skills
Chromosome and Chromatid Accounting [Mini Skill]: Which calculation or diagram correctly tracks chromosome number, chromatid number, and ploidy through meiosis I and meiosis II? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.1, 5.1.A.2, 5.1.A.3; SP 2.D, 5.A - Topic 5.1: Meiosis — Mini Skills: Which calculation or diagram correctly tracks chromosome number, chromatid number, and ploidy through meiosis I and meiosis II? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.1; LO 5.1.A; EK 5.1.A.1, 5.1.A.2, 5.1.A.3; SP 2.D, 5.A.
Topic 5.2: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity
Homolog Separation and Haploid Gametes: Which outcome is expected when homologous chromosomes separate correctly in meiosis I and sister chromatids separate correctly in meiosis II? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 5.2: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity: Which outcome is expected when homologous chromosomes separate correctly in meiosis I and sister chromatids separate correctly in meiosis II? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.1; SP 1.B.
Nondisjunction: Which gamete chromosome pattern is most consistent with nondisjunction during meiosis I or meiosis II? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.1; SP 1.C, 2.B - Topic 5.2: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity: Which gamete chromosome pattern is most consistent with nondisjunction during meiosis I or meiosis II? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.1; SP 1.C, 2.B.
Crossing Over: Which prophase-I model correctly shows non-sister chromatids exchanging corresponding DNA segments?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 5.2: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity: Which prophase-I model correctly shows non-sister chromatids exchanging corresponding DNA segments? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.D..
Independent Assortment: Which gamete combinations are possible because homologous pairs orient independently during meiosis I? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.3; SP 2.D, 5.A - Topic 5.2: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity: Which gamete combinations are possible because homologous pairs orient independently during meiosis I? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.3; SP 2.D, 5.A.
Random Fertilization and Genetic Diversity: Which explanation best connects random fertilization with increased variation among offspring? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.3; SP 1.B - Topic 5.2: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity: Which explanation best connects random fertilization with increased variation among offspring? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.3; SP 1.B.
Topic 5.2: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity — Mini Skills
Sources of Variation in Sexual Reproduction [Mini Skill]: Which comparison correctly identifies crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization as distinct sources of genetic variation?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.2, 5.2.A.3; SP 1.A - Topic 5.2: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity — Mini Skills: Which comparison correctly identifies crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization as distinct sources of genetic variation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.2; LO 5.2.A; EK 5.2.A.2, 5.2.A.3; SP 1.A.
Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics
Law of Segregation: Which gamete distribution is predicted when the two alleles of a gene segregate during gamete formation? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.1; SP 1.C, 2.D - Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics: Which gamete distribution is predicted when the two alleles of a gene segregate during gamete formation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.1; SP 1.C, 2.D.
Law of Independent Assortment: Which offspring ratio or gamete set is consistent with independent assortment of genes on different chromosomes?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.1; SP 1.C, 5.A - Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics: Which offspring ratio or gamete set is consistent with independent assortment of genes on different chromosomes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.1; SP 1.C, 5.A.
Fertilization and Restoration of Diploidy: Which chromosome-number model correctly shows two haploid gametes fusing to form a diploid zygote?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics: Which chromosome-number model correctly shows two haploid gametes fusing to form a diploid zygote? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Addition Rule of Probability: Which probability calculation correctly combines mutually exclusive inheritance outcomes? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 5.A - Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics: Which probability calculation correctly combines mutually exclusive inheritance outcomes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 5.A.
Multiplication Rule of Probability: Which probability calculation correctly combines independent inheritance events?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 5.A - Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics: Which probability calculation correctly combines independent inheritance events? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 5.A.
Monohybrid Crosses: Which Punnett square or probability model correctly predicts genotypes and phenotypes for a single-gene cross? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 2.D, 5.A - Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics: Which Punnett square or probability model correctly predicts genotypes and phenotypes for a single-gene cross? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 2.D, 5.A.
Dihybrid Crosses: Which probability model correctly predicts offspring classes for two independently assorting genes?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.1, 5.3.A.2; SP 2.D, 5.A - Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics: Which probability model correctly predicts offspring classes for two independently assorting genes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.1, 5.3.A.2; SP 2.D, 5.A.
Test Crosses: Which cross is most informative for determining whether an individual with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 3.A, 5.A - Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics: Which cross is most informative for determining whether an individual with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 3.A, 5.A.
Genotype and Phenotype: Which option correctly distinguishes an organism's allele combination from its observable trait? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 1.A - Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics: Which option correctly distinguishes an organism's allele combination from its observable trait? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 1.A.
Pedigree Pattern Recognition: Which inheritance pattern—autosomal, genetically linked, or sex-linked—is most consistent with the pedigree data? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 2.B, 4.B - Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics: Which inheritance pattern—autosomal, genetically linked, or sex-linked—is most consistent with the pedigree data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.2; SP 2.B, 4.B.
Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics — Mini Skills
Chi-Square Analysis of Genetic Ratios [Mini Skill]: Which conclusion about an expected inheritance ratio is justified by the chi-square statistic and critical value?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.1, 5.3.A.2; SP 5.C, 5.D - Topic 5.3: Mendelian Genetics — Mini Skills: Which conclusion about an expected inheritance ratio is justified by the chi-square statistic and critical value? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.3; LO 5.3.A; EK 5.3.A.1, 5.3.A.2; SP 5.C, 5.D.
Topic 5.4: Non-Mendelian Genetics
Genetic Linkage: Which offspring pattern is most consistent with two genes located on the same chromosome rather than assorting independently? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.1; SP 1.C, 4.B - Topic 5.4: Non-Mendelian Genetics: Which offspring pattern is most consistent with two genes located on the same chromosome rather than assorting independently? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.1; SP 1.C, 4.B.
Recombination Frequency and Map Distance: Which calculation correctly estimates the map distance between linked genes from recombinant offspring data? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.1; SP 5.A - Topic 5.4: Non-Mendelian Genetics: Which calculation correctly estimates the map distance between linked genes from recombinant offspring data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.1; SP 5.A.
Codominance: Which genotype-to-phenotype relationship correctly shows both alleles fully expressed in a heterozygote?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 5.4: Non-Mendelian Genetics: Which genotype-to-phenotype relationship correctly shows both alleles fully expressed in a heterozygote? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.1; SP 1.C.
Incomplete Dominance: Which genotype-to-phenotype relationship correctly shows a heterozygote with an intermediate phenotype? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 5.4: Non-Mendelian Genetics: Which genotype-to-phenotype relationship correctly shows a heterozygote with an intermediate phenotype? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.1; SP 1.C.
Sex-Linked Inheritance: Which pedigree or cross is most consistent with a trait determined by a gene on a sex chromosome? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.2; SP 2.B, 5.A - Topic 5.4: Non-Mendelian Genetics: Which pedigree or cross is most consistent with a trait determined by a gene on a sex chromosome? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.2; SP 2.B, 5.A.
Pleiotropy: Which observation best supports the conclusion that one gene influences multiple phenotypic traits? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.3; SP 1.B - Topic 5.4: Non-Mendelian Genetics: Which observation best supports the conclusion that one gene influences multiple phenotypic traits? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.3; SP 1.B.
Mitochondrial Inheritance in Animals: Which pedigree pattern is most consistent with a mitochondrial trait transmitted through the egg?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.4; SP 2.B - Topic 5.4: Non-Mendelian Genetics: Which pedigree pattern is most consistent with a mitochondrial trait transmitted through the egg? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.4; SP 2.B.
Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Inheritance in Plants: Which cross best supports maternal transmission of chloroplast or mitochondrial traits through the ovule rather than pollen? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.4; SP 3.B, 4.B - Topic 5.4: Non-Mendelian Genetics: Which cross best supports maternal transmission of chloroplast or mitochondrial traits through the ovule rather than pollen? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.4; SP 3.B, 4.B.
Non-Nuclear Inheritance and Random Organelle Assortment: Which explanation best accounts for organelle-DNA traits failing to follow simple Mendelian ratios? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.4; SP 1.B - Topic 5.4: Non-Mendelian Genetics: Which explanation best accounts for organelle-DNA traits failing to follow simple Mendelian ratios? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.4; LO 5.4.A; EK 5.4.A.4; SP 1.B.
Topic 5.5: Environmental Effects on Phenotype
Environmental Effects on Gene Expression: Which result best supports the conclusion that environmental conditions altered gene expression without changing genotype?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.5; LO 5.5.A; EK 5.5.A.1; SP 1.C, 4.B - Topic 5.5: Environmental Effects on Phenotype: Which result best supports the conclusion that environmental conditions altered gene expression without changing genotype? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.5; LO 5.5.A; EK 5.5.A.1; SP 1.C, 4.B.
Phenotypic Plasticity: Which comparison best demonstrates that the same genotype can produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.5; LO 5.5.A; EK 5.5.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 5.5: Environmental Effects on Phenotype: Which comparison best demonstrates that the same genotype can produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.5; LO 5.5.A; EK 5.5.A.1; SP 1.B.
Topic 5.5: Environmental Effects on Phenotype — Mini Skills
Genotype-by-Environment Data [Mini Skill]: Which graph provides the strongest evidence for phenotypic plasticity or a genotype-by-environment interaction? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 5.5; LO 5.5.A; EK 5.5.A.1; SP 4.B, 6.B - Topic 5.5: Environmental Effects on Phenotype — Mini Skills: Which graph provides the strongest evidence for phenotypic plasticity or a genotype-by-environment interaction? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 5.5; LO 5.5.A; EK 5.5.A.1; SP 4.B, 6.B.
Topic 6.1: DNA and RNA Structure
Hereditary Information in DNA and RNA: Which statement correctly explains how DNA, and in some cases RNA, stores information that can be transmitted between generations? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.A; EK 6.1.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 6.1: DNA and RNA Structure: Which statement correctly explains how DNA, and in some cases RNA, stores information that can be transmitted between generations? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.A; EK 6.1.A.1; SP 1.B.
Prokaryotic Chromosomes: Which cell model correctly represents the typical circular chromosome organization of a prokaryote? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.A; EK 6.1.A.1; SP 2.A - Topic 6.1: DNA and RNA Structure: Which cell model correctly represents the typical circular chromosome organization of a prokaryote? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.A; EK 6.1.A.1; SP 2.A.
Eukaryotic Chromosomes and Histones: Which model correctly represents multiple linear eukaryotic chromosomes condensed with histones and associated proteins? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.A; EK 6.1.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 6.1: DNA and RNA Structure: Which model correctly represents multiple linear eukaryotic chromosomes condensed with histones and associated proteins? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.A; EK 6.1.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Plasmids: Which DNA molecule is correctly identified as an extra-chromosomal circular plasmid that may occur in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.A; EK 6.1.A.2; SP 1.A, 2.A - Topic 6.1: DNA and RNA Structure: Which DNA molecule is correctly identified as an extra-chromosomal circular plasmid that may occur in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.A; EK 6.1.A.2; SP 1.A, 2.A..
Purines and Pyrimidines: Which classification correctly identifies adenine and guanine as purines and cytosine, thymine, and uracil as pyrimidines? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.B; EK 6.1.B.1; SP 1.A - Topic 6.1: DNA and RNA Structure: Which classification correctly identifies adenine and guanine as purines and cytosine, thymine, and uracil as pyrimidines? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.B; EK 6.1.B.1; SP 1.A.
Conserved Base Pairing: Which nucleic acid sequence correctly applies purine-pyrimidine base pairing and supports faithful information storage?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.B; EK 6.1.B.1; SP 2.D - Topic 6.1: DNA and RNA Structure: Which nucleic acid sequence correctly applies purine-pyrimidine base pairing and supports faithful information storage? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.1; LO 6.1.B; EK 6.1.B.1; SP 2.D.
Topic 6.2: DNA Replication
Semiconservative DNA Replication: Which replication model correctly shows each daughter DNA molecule containing one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 6.2: DNA Replication: Which replication model correctly shows each daughter DNA molecule containing one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 2.B, 2.D..
Five-Prime-to-Three-Prime DNA Synthesis: Which replication-fork diagram correctly shows DNA polymerase extending a new strand only in the 5-prime-to-3-prime direction?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 6.2: DNA Replication: Which replication-fork diagram correctly shows DNA polymerase extending a new strand only in the 5-prime-to-3-prime direction? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Helicase and Topoisomerase: Which pairing correctly matches helicase with strand separation and topoisomerase with relief of supercoiling ahead of the fork? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 6.2: DNA Replication: Which pairing correctly matches helicase with strand separation and topoisomerase with relief of supercoiling ahead of the fork? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 1.A.
RNA Primers and DNA Polymerase: Which explanation best describes why DNA polymerase requires a primer before it can extend a new DNA strand? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 6.2: DNA Replication: Which explanation best describes why DNA polymerase requires a primer before it can extend a new DNA strand? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 1.B.
Leading-Strand Synthesis: Which portion of a replication fork is synthesized continuously toward the advancing fork?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 2.A - Topic 6.2: DNA Replication: Which portion of a replication fork is synthesized continuously toward the advancing fork? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 2.A..
Lagging-Strand Synthesis: Which portion of a replication fork is synthesized discontinuously as short DNA fragments? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 2.A - Topic 6.2: DNA Replication: Which portion of a replication fork is synthesized discontinuously as short DNA fragments? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 2.A.
DNA Ligase: Which prediction best describes the DNA product formed when ligase activity is inhibited during replication? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 6.2: DNA Replication: Which prediction best describes the DNA product formed when ligase activity is inhibited during replication? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Topic 6.2: DNA Replication — Mini Skills
Replication-Fork Perturbation Analysis [Mini Skill]: Which downstream effect is most likely when helicase, topoisomerase, primase, DNA polymerase, or ligase is disrupted? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.2; LO 6.2.A; EK 6.2.A.1; SP 2.C, 6.E - Topic 6.2: DNA Replication — Mini Skills.
Topic 6.3: Transcription and RNA Processing
Messenger RNA Function: Which RNA molecule carries a coding message from DNA to a ribosome for protein synthesis? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 6.3: Transcription and RNA Processing: Which RNA molecule carries a coding message from DNA to a ribosome for protein synthesis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.1; SP 1.A.
Transfer RNA Function: Which tRNA model correctly matches an anticodon with an mRNA codon and a specific amino acid?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 6.3: Transcription and RNA Processing: Which tRNA model correctly matches an anticodon with an mRNA codon and a specific amino acid? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Ribosomal RNA Function: Which statement correctly identifies rRNA as a structural and functional component of ribosomes?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 6.3: Transcription and RNA Processing: Which statement correctly identifies rRNA as a structural and functional component of ribosomes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.1; SP 1.A.
Template-Strand Transcription: Which DNA strand serves as the template for the RNA sequence shown? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.2; SP 2.D - Topic 6.3: Transcription and RNA Processing: Which DNA strand serves as the template for the RNA sequence shown? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.2; SP 2.D.
RNA Polymerase and Transcription: Which explanation best describes how RNA polymerase uses one DNA template strand to assemble a complementary RNA molecule?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.2; SP 1.B - Topic 6.3: Transcription and RNA Processing: Which explanation best describes how RNA polymerase uses one DNA template strand to assemble a complementary RNA molecule? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.2; SP 1.B.
Directionality of Transcription: Which diagram correctly shows RNA polymerase reading DNA 3-prime to 5-prime while synthesizing RNA 5-prime to 3-prime? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.3; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 6.3: Transcription and RNA Processing: Which diagram correctly shows RNA polymerase reading DNA 3-prime to 5-prime while synthesizing RNA 5-prime to 3-prime? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.3; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Poly-A Tail: Which prediction best describes how loss of a poly-A tail could affect the stability of a eukaryotic mRNA? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.4; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 6.3: Transcription and RNA Processing: Which prediction best describes how loss of a poly-A tail could affect the stability of a eukaryotic mRNA? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.4; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Five-Prime Cap: Which prediction best describes how loss of the 5-prime cap could affect ribosome recognition of a eukaryotic mRNA? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.4; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 6.3: Transcription and RNA Processing.
Introns and Exons: Which processed mRNA sequence correctly removes introns and retains exons from the primary transcript? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.4; SP 2.D - Topic 6.3: Transcription and RNA Processing: Which processed mRNA sequence correctly removes introns and retains exons from the primary transcript? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.4; SP 2.D.
Alternative Splicing: Which explanation best describes how one primary transcript can produce multiple mature mRNAs and protein variants?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.4; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 6.3: Transcription and RNA Processing: Which explanation best describes how one primary transcript can produce multiple mature mRNAs and protein variants? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.3; LO 6.3.A; EK 6.3.A.4; SP 1.B, 2.B..
Topic 6.4: Translation
Location of Translation: Which cellular location correctly identifies where ribosomes translate mRNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 6.4: Translation: Which cellular location correctly identifies where ribosomes translate mRNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.1; SP 1.A.
Rough-ER-Bound Translation: Which protein destination is most consistent with translation by a ribosome attached to the rough ER?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 6.4: Translation: Which protein destination is most consistent with translation by a ribosome attached to the rough ER? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.1; SP 1.C.
Coupled Transcription and Translation in Prokaryotes: Which diagram correctly shows ribosomes translating an mRNA while the RNA is still being transcribed?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.2; SP 2.B - Topic 6.4: Translation: Which diagram correctly shows ribosomes translating an mRNA while the RNA is still being transcribed? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.2; SP 2.B.
Translation Initiation: Which sequence correctly shows the ribosome recognizing AUG and initiating synthesis with methionine? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.3; SP 2.D - Topic 6.4: Translation: Which sequence correctly shows the ribosome recognizing AUG and initiating synthesis with methionine? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.3; SP 2.D.
Codons and Anticodons: Which codon-anticodon pairing correctly positions the tRNA carrying the specified amino acid? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.3; SP 2.D - Topic 6.4: Translation: Which codon-anticodon pairing correctly positions the tRNA carrying the specified amino acid? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.3; SP 2.D.
Use a Genetic Code Chart: Which amino acid sequence is correctly predicted from the mRNA codons using a genetic code chart? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.3; SP 2.A, 5.A - Topic 6.4: Translation: Which amino acid sequence is correctly predicted from the mRNA codons using a genetic code chart? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.3; SP 2.A, 5.A.
Degeneracy of the Genetic Code: Which statement correctly explains how multiple codons can encode the same amino acid? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.3; SP 1.B - Topic 6.4: Translation.
Universal Genetic Code and Common Ancestry: Which evidence best supports common ancestry based on the near-universality of the genetic code? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.3; SP 1.B, 6.B - Topic 6.4: Translation: Which evidence best supports common ancestry based on the near-universality of the genetic code? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.3; SP 1.B, 6.B.
Translation Elongation and Termination: Which sequence correctly shows peptide elongation followed by release at a stop codon? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.3; SP 2.D - Topic 6.4: Translation: Which sequence correctly shows peptide elongation followed by release at a stop codon? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.3; SP 2.D.
Retroviral Information Flow: Which pathway correctly shows reverse transcriptase copying viral RNA into DNA that integrates into a host genome?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.4; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 6.4: Translation: Which pathway correctly shows reverse transcriptase copying viral RNA into DNA that integrates into a host genome? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.4; LO 6.4.A; EK 6.4.A.4; SP 2.B, 2.D..
Topic 6.5: Regulation of Gene Expression
Regulatory DNA Sequences: Which DNA region is most likely to control transcription by interacting with a regulatory protein? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 6.5: Regulation of Gene Expression: Which DNA region is most likely to control transcription by interacting with a regulatory protein? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.1; SP 1.C.
Constitutive and Inducible Genes: Which expression pattern correctly distinguishes a constitutively expressed gene from an inducible gene?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.1; SP 4.B - Topic 6.5: Regulation of Gene Expression: Which expression pattern correctly distinguishes a constitutively expressed gene from an inducible gene? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.1; SP 4.B.
Epigenetic Regulation: Which reversible modification of DNA or histones is most likely to alter gene expression without changing nucleotide sequence? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 6.5: Regulation of Gene Expression: Which reversible modification of DNA or histones is most likely to alter gene expression without changing nucleotide sequence? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.2; SP 1.C.
Differential Gene Expression and Cell Phenotype: Which explanation best connects tissue-specific gene expression to differences in cell structure and function?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.3; SP 1.B - Topic 6.5: Regulation of Gene Expression: Which explanation best connects tissue-specific gene expression to differences in cell structure and function? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.3; SP 1.B.
Sequential Gene Expression in Development: Which model correctly shows transcription factors activating successive sets of genes during development? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.3; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 6.5: Regulation of Gene Expression: Which model correctly shows transcription factors activating successive sets of genes during development? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.3; SP 2.B, 2.D.
Gene Product Abundance and Phenotype: Which prediction best explains how changing the amount or function of a gene product can alter phenotype? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.3; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 6.5: Regulation of Gene Expression: Which prediction best explains how changing the amount or function of a gene product can alter phenotype? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.A; EK 6.5.A.3; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Inducible and Repressible Operons: Which operon model is most consistent with inducible or repressible regulation in a prokaryote? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.B; EK 6.5.B.1; SP 2.B - Topic 6.5: Regulation of Gene Expression: Which operon model is most consistent with inducible or repressible regulation in a prokaryote? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.B; EK 6.5.B.1; SP 2.B.
Coordinated Eukaryotic Gene Regulation: Which expression pattern best supports several eukaryotic genes being regulated by the same transcription factor?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.B; EK 6.5.B.1; SP 4.B, 6.D - Topic 6.5: Regulation of Gene Expression: Which expression pattern best supports several eukaryotic genes being regulated by the same transcription factor? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.5; LO 6.5.B; EK 6.5.B.1; SP 4.B, 6.D.
Topic 6.6: Gene Expression and Cell Specialization
Promoters and Enhancers: Which DNA-protein model correctly shows RNA polymerase and transcription factors interacting with promoter or enhancer sequences?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.6; LO 6.6.A; EK 6.6.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 6.6: Gene Expression and Cell Specialization: Which DNA-protein model correctly shows RNA polymerase and transcription factors interacting with promoter or enhancer sequences? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.6; LO 6.6.A; EK 6.6.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Upstream and Downstream Regulatory Sequences: Which diagram correctly shows that functional regulatory sequences may occur upstream or downstream of a transcription start site?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.6; LO 6.6.A; EK 6.6.A.1; SP 2.A - Topic 6.6: Gene Expression and Cell Specialization: Which diagram correctly shows that functional regulatory sequences may occur upstream or downstream of a transcription start site? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.6; LO 6.6.A; EK 6.6.A.1; SP 2.A..
Negative Transcriptional Regulation: Which result is most consistent with a regulatory molecule binding DNA and blocking transcription?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.6; LO 6.6.A; EK 6.6.A.2; SP 1.C, 4.B - Topic 6.6: Gene Expression and Cell Specialization: Which result is most consistent with a regulatory molecule binding DNA and blocking transcription? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.6; LO 6.6.A; EK 6.6.A.2; SP 1.C, 4.B.
Cell Specialization Through Gene Regulation: Which explanation best connects differential gene expression to specialized cell products and functions? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.6; LO 6.6.B; EK 6.6.B.1; SP 1.B - Topic 6.6: Gene Expression and Cell Specialization: Which explanation best connects differential gene expression to specialized cell products and functions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.6; LO 6.6.B; EK 6.6.B.1; SP 1.B.
Small Regulatory RNAs: Which observation best supports a small RNA molecule reducing or modifying gene expression? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.6; LO 6.6.B; EK 6.6.B.2; SP 1.C, 4.B - Topic 6.6: Gene Expression and Cell Specialization: Which observation best supports a small RNA molecule reducing or modifying gene expression? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.6; LO 6.6.B; EK 6.6.B.2; SP 1.C, 4.B.
Topic 6.7: Mutations
Point Mutations: Which DNA change is correctly classified as a nucleotide substitution and predicts the possible codon consequence?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.A; EK 6.7.A.1; SP 1.C, 2.D - Topic 6.7: Mutations: Which DNA change is correctly classified as a nucleotide substitution and predicts the possible codon consequence? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.A; EK 6.7.A.1; SP 1.C, 2.D.
Frameshift Mutations: Which insertion or deletion is most likely to shift the reading frame and alter downstream codons? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.A; EK 6.7.A.1; SP 2.D, 6.E - Topic 6.7: Mutations: Which insertion or deletion is most likely to shift the reading frame and alter downstream codons? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.A; EK 6.7.A.1; SP 2.D, 6.E.
Nonsense Mutations: Which nucleotide substitution creates a premature stop codon in the translated sequence?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.A; EK 6.7.A.1; SP 2.D - Topic 6.7: Mutations: Which nucleotide substitution creates a premature stop codon in the translated sequence? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.A; EK 6.7.A.1; SP 2.D.
Silent Mutations: Which nucleotide substitution leaves the amino acid sequence unchanged because of redundancy in the genetic code? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.A; EK 6.7.A.1; SP 2.D - Topic 6.7: Mutations: Which nucleotide substitution leaves the amino acid sequence unchanged because of redundancy in the genetic code?
Beneficial, Neutral, and Detrimental Mutations: Which classification of a mutation is best supported by its effect on protein function and fitness in the stated environment? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.A, 6.7.B; EK 6.7.A.1, 6.7.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.C - Topic 6.7: Mutations: Which classification of a mutation is best supported by its effect on protein function and fitness in the stated environment? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.A, 6.7.B; EK 6.7.A.1, 6.7.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.C.
Sources of Random Mutation: Which factor is most likely to increase random mutations through replication error, failed repair, radiation, or reactive chemicals? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.B; EK 6.7.B.1; SP 1.A - Topic 6.7: Mutations.
Mutations as Genetic Variation: Which explanation best connects random mutation to new genetic variation on which natural selection can act? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.B; EK 6.7.B.1; SP 1.B - Topic 6.7: Mutations: Which explanation best connects random mutation to new genetic variation on which natural selection can act? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.B; EK 6.7.B.1; SP 1.B.
Chromosome-Number Changes: Which karyotype or meiotic error is most consistent with aneuploidy caused by nondisjunction? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.B; EK 6.7.B.2; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 6.7: Mutations: Which karyotype or meiotic error is most consistent with aneuploidy caused by nondisjunction? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.B; EK 6.7.B.2; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Chromosome-Structure Changes: Which chromosome diagram correctly represents a structural alteration associated with a changed phenotype? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.B; EK 6.7.B.2; SP 2.A - Topic 6.7: Mutations: Which chromosome diagram correctly represents a structural alteration associated with a changed phenotype? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.B; EK 6.7.B.2; SP 2.A.
Horizontal Gene Transfer in Prokaryotes: Which scenario correctly identifies transformation, transduction, conjugation, or transposition as a source of genetic variation? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.C; EK 6.7.C.1; SP 1.C - Topic 6.7: Mutations: Which scenario correctly identifies transformation, transduction, conjugation, or transposition as a source of genetic variation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.C; EK 6.7.C.1; SP 1.C.
Viral Recombination: Which outcome is most likely when related viruses infect the same host cell and exchange genetic information?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.C; EK 6.7.C.1; SP 1.C - Topic 6.7: Mutations: Which outcome is most likely when related viruses infect the same host cell and exchange genetic information? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.C; EK 6.7.C.1; SP 1.C..
Genotype Change and Natural Selection: Which prediction best connects a DNA alteration to a phenotype that changes survival or reproductive success under specific environmental conditions? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.C; EK 6.7.C.1; SP 6.C, 6.E - Topic 6.7: Mutations: Which prediction best connects a DNA alteration to a phenotype that changes survival or reproductive success under specific environmental conditions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.7; LO 6.7.C; EK 6.7.C.1; SP 6.C, 6.E.
Topic 6.8: Biotechnology
Gel Electrophoresis: Which gel pattern correctly orders DNA fragments by size and supports a comparison among samples? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 6.8: Biotechnology: Which gel pattern correctly orders DNA fragments by size and supports a comparison among samples? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Polymerase Chain Reaction: Which sequence correctly orders denaturation, primer annealing, and extension during PCR amplification? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 2.D - Topic 6.8: Biotechnology: Which sequence correctly orders denaturation, primer annealing, and extension during PCR amplification? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 2.D.
Bacterial Transformation: Which result best demonstrates that bacterial cells took up and expressed introduced foreign DNA? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 3.B, 4.B - Topic 6.8: Biotechnology: Which result best demonstrates that bacterial cells took up and expressed introduced foreign DNA? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 3.B, 4.B.
DNA Sequencing: Which sequence information can be obtained by a technique that determines the nucleotide order of a DNA molecule?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 6.8: Biotechnology: Which sequence information can be obtained by a technique that determines the nucleotide order of a DNA molecule? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 1.A.
DNA Fingerprint Comparison: Which sample is the most likely match based on the positions of DNA fragments or nucleotide sequences?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 2.B, 4.B - Topic 6.8: Biotechnology: Which sample is the most likely match based on the positions of DNA fragments or nucleotide sequences? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 2.B, 4.B..
Topic 6.8: Biotechnology — Mini Skills
Select a Biotechnology Method [Mini Skill]: Which technique—gel electrophoresis, PCR, transformation, or sequencing—is best suited to the stated research goal?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 1.C, 3.C - Topic 6.8: Biotechnology — Mini Skills: Which technique—gel electrophoresis, PCR, transformation, or sequencing—is best suited to the stated research goal? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 6.8; LO 6.8.A; EK 6.8.A.1; SP 1.C, 3.C.
Topic 7.1: Introduction to Natural Selection
Natural Selection as a Mechanism of Evolution: Which statement correctly identifies natural selection as a major mechanism that changes populations over generations? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.A; EK 7.1.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 7.1: Introduction to Natural Selection: Which statement correctly identifies natural selection as a major mechanism that changes populations over generations? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.A; EK 7.1.A.1; SP 1.A.
Competition and Differential Survival: Which scenario best illustrates competition for limited resources producing differential survival among individuals? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.A; EK 7.1.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 7.1: Introduction to Natural Selection: Which scenario best illustrates competition for limited resources producing differential survival among individuals? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.A; EK 7.1.A.2; SP 1.C.
Differential Reproductive Success: Which data pattern best supports the conclusion that individuals with a favorable phenotype left more offspring?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.A; EK 7.1.A.2; SP 4.B, 6.B - Topic 7.1: Introduction to Natural Selection: Which data pattern best supports the conclusion that individuals with a favorable phenotype left more offspring? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.A; EK 7.1.A.2; SP 4.B, 6.B..
Evolutionary Fitness: Which measure most directly estimates evolutionary fitness in the population described? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.B; EK 7.1.B.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.1: Introduction to Natural Selection: Which measure most directly estimates evolutionary fitness in the population described? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.B; EK 7.1.B.1; SP 1.C.
Changing Environments and Selection: Which prediction best describes how a change in biotic or abiotic conditions can alter the direction or strength of selection? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.B; EK 7.1.B.2; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 7.1: Introduction to Natural Selection: Which prediction best describes how a change in biotic or abiotic conditions can alter the direction or strength of selection? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.B; EK 7.1.B.2; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Topic 7.1: Introduction to Natural Selection — Mini Skills
Selection Across Generations [Mini Skill]: Which graph most clearly shows a heritable trait becoming more common because of differential reproductive success?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.A, 7.1.B; EK 7.1.A.2, 7.1.B.1, 7.1.B.2; SP 4.B, 6.C - Topic 7.1: Introduction to Natural Selection — Mini Skills: Which graph most clearly shows a heritable trait becoming more common because of differential reproductive success? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.1; LO 7.1.A, 7.1.B; EK 7.1.A.2, 7.1.B.1, 7.1.B.2; SP 4.B, 6.C.
Topic 7.2: Natural Selection
Selection Acts on Phenotypes: Which statement best explains why natural selection acts directly on phenotypic variation rather than directly on genotypes?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.2; LO 7.2.A; EK 7.2.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 7.2: Natural Selection: Which statement best explains why natural selection acts directly on phenotypic variation rather than directly on genotypes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.2; LO 7.2.A; EK 7.2.A.1; SP 1.B..
Environmental Selective Pressures: Which environmental condition is most likely to act as the selective pressure in the described population? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.2; LO 7.2.A; EK 7.2.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 7.2: Natural Selection: Which environmental condition is most likely to act as the selective pressure in the described population? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.2; LO 7.2.A; EK 7.2.A.2; SP 1.C.
Phenotype and Context-Dependent Fitness: Which phenotype is predicted to increase fitness under the stated environmental conditions?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.2; LO 7.2.A; EK 7.2.A.3; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 7.2: Natural Selection: Which phenotype is predicted to increase fitness under the stated environmental conditions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.2; LO 7.2.A; EK 7.2.A.3; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Molecular Variation and Organismal Fitness: Which molecular difference is most likely to produce a functional change that improves survival or reproduction in a particular environment? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.2; LO 7.2.B; EK 7.2.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.C - Topic 7.2: Natural Selection: Which molecular difference is most likely to produce a functional change that improves survival or reproduction in a particular environment? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.2; LO 7.2.B; EK 7.2.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.C.
Topic 7.2: Natural Selection — Mini Skills
Selection Data Interpretation [Mini Skill]: Which conclusion about phenotypic variation and fitness is best supported by the survival or reproductive data? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.2; LO 7.2.A, 7.2.B; EK 7.2.A.1, 7.2.A.2, 7.2.A.3, 7.2.B.1; SP 4.B, 5.D, 6.B - Topic 7.2: Natural Selection — Mini Skills: Which conclusion about phenotypic variation and fitness is best supported by the survival or reproductive data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.2; LO 7.2.A, 7.2.B; EK 7.2.A.1, 7.2.A.2, 7.2.A.3, 7.2.B.1; SP 4.B, 5.D, 6.B.
Topic 7.3: Artificial Selection
Artificial Selection: Which breeding pattern best demonstrates humans deliberately increasing the frequency of desired traits in another species? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.3; LO 7.3.A; EK 7.3.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.3: Artificial Selection: Which breeding pattern best demonstrates humans deliberately increasing the frequency of desired traits in another species? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.3; LO 7.3.A; EK 7.3.A.1; SP 1.C.
Artificial Selection and Population Diversity: Which prediction best describes how repeated selection for a narrow set of traits may change variation within a population? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.3; LO 7.3.A; EK 7.3.A.1; SP 6.E - Topic 7.3: Artificial Selection: Which prediction best describes how repeated selection for a narrow set of traits may change variation within a population? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.3; LO 7.3.A; EK 7.3.A.1; SP 6.E.
Topic 7.4: Population Genetics
Mutation as a Random Source of Variation: Which statement correctly explains how random mutation introduces new alleles into a population?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A; EK 7.4.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 7.4: Population Genetics: Which statement correctly explains how random mutation introduces new alleles into a population? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A; EK 7.4.A.1; SP 1.B.
Genetic Drift: Which change in allele frequency is best explained by a nonselective random process in a small population? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A; EK 7.4.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.4: Population Genetics: Which change in allele frequency is best explained by a nonselective random process in a small population? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A; EK 7.4.A.1; SP 1.C.
Bottleneck Effect: Which allele-frequency pattern is most consistent with a sharp temporary reduction in population size? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A; EK 7.4.A.1; SP 2.B, 4.B - Topic 7.4: Population Genetics: Which allele-frequency pattern is most consistent with a sharp temporary reduction in population size? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A; EK 7.4.A.1; SP 2.B, 4.B.
Founder Effect: Which allele-frequency pattern is most consistent with a small group establishing a new isolated population?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A; EK 7.4.A.1; SP 2.B, 4.B - Topic 7.4: Population Genetics: Which allele-frequency pattern is most consistent with a small group establishing a new isolated population? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A; EK 7.4.A.1; SP 2.B, 4.B..
Gene Flow: Which scenario best illustrates migration adding or removing alleles from a population? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A; EK 7.4.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.4: Population Genetics: Which scenario best illustrates migration adding or removing alleles from a population? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A; EK 7.4.A.1; SP 1.C.
Random Processes and Population Divergence: Which explanation best describes how genetic drift can cause a small population to diverge from the source population? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.B; EK 7.4.B.1; SP 1.B - Topic 7.4: Population Genetics: Which explanation best describes how genetic drift can cause a small population to diverge from the source population? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.B; EK 7.4.B.1; SP 1.B.
Gene Flow and Reduced Divergence: Which prediction best explains how continued gene flow can reduce genetic differences between populations and oppose speciation?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.B; EK 7.4.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 7.4: Population Genetics: Which prediction best explains how continued gene flow can reduce genetic differences between populations and oppose speciation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.B; EK 7.4.B.1; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Allele-Frequency Change as Evidence of Evolution: Which comparison of allele frequencies across generations provides evidence that a population evolved? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.C; EK 7.4.C.1; SP 4.B, 6.B - Topic 7.4: Population Genetics: Which comparison of allele frequencies across generations provides evidence that a population evolved? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.C; EK 7.4.C.1; SP 4.B, 6.B.
Topic 7.4: Population Genetics — Mini Skills
Distinguish Selection, Drift, and Gene Flow [Mini Skill]: Which mechanism most plausibly explains the observed allele-frequency change given the population size, migration, and fitness data? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A, 7.4.B, 7.4.C; EK 7.4.A.1, 7.4.B.1, 7.4.C.1; SP 5.D, 6.C - Topic 7.4: Population Genetics — Mini Skills: Which mechanism most plausibly explains the observed allele-frequency change given the population size, migration, and fitness data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.4; LO 7.4.A, 7.4.B, 7.4.C; EK 7.4.A.1, 7.4.B.1, 7.4.C.1; SP 5.D, 6.C.
Topic 7.5: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg Model as a Null Hypothesis: Which statement best explains how Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium serves as a model of a non-evolving population? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 7.5: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Which statement best explains how Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium serves as a model of a non-evolving population? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.1; SP 1.B.
Hardy-Weinberg Conditions: Which population most closely satisfies large size, no migration, no mutation, random mating, and no natural selection? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.5: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Which population most closely satisfies large size, no migration, no mutation, random mating, and no natural selection? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.1; SP 1.C.
Identify a Violated Equilibrium Condition: Which evolutionary force most directly violates the stated Hardy-Weinberg assumption? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.5: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Which evolutionary force most directly violates the stated Hardy-Weinberg assumption? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.1; SP 1.C.
Calculate Allele Frequencies: Which calculation correctly determines p and q from genotype or phenotype data? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.2; SP 5.A - Topic 7.5: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Which calculation correctly determines p and q from genotype or phenotype data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.2; SP 5.A.
Calculate Expected Genotype Frequencies: Which calculation correctly uses p², 2pq, and q² to predict genotype frequencies in a population at equilibrium? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.2; SP 5.A - Topic 7.5: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Which calculation correctly uses p², 2pq, and q² to predict genotype frequencies in a population at equilibrium? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.2; SP 5.A.
Topic 7.5: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium — Mini Skills
Test for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium [Mini Skill]: Which comparison of observed and expected genotype frequencies best supports equilibrium or evolutionary change?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.1, 7.5.A.2; SP 5.C, 5.D - Topic 7.5: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium — Mini Skills: Which comparison of observed and expected genotype frequencies best supports equilibrium or evolutionary change? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.5; LO 7.5.A; EK 7.5.A.1, 7.5.A.2; SP 5.C, 5.D.
Topic 7.6: Evidence of Evolution
Multiple Lines of Evolutionary Evidence: Which conclusion is most strongly supported by a combination of geographical, geological, physical, biochemical, and mathematical evidence? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.A; EK 7.6.A.1; SP 6.B, 6.C - Topic 7.6: Evidence of Evolution: Which conclusion is most strongly supported by a combination of geographical, geological, physical, biochemical, and mathematical evidence? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.A; EK 7.6.A.1; SP 6.B, 6.C.
Dating Fossils and Rock Layers: Which evidence or method most appropriately estimates the relative or absolute age of a fossil?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.B; EK 7.6.B.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.6: Evidence of Evolution: Which evidence or method most appropriately estimates the relative or absolute age of a fossil? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.B; EK 7.6.B.1; SP 1.C.
Morphological Homology: Which structural similarity is best interpreted as evidence of common ancestry rather than merely similar function? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.B; EK 7.6.B.1; SP 1.C, 2.B - Topic 7.6: Evidence of Evolution: Which structural similarity is best interpreted as evidence of common ancestry rather than merely similar function? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.B; EK 7.6.B.1; SP 1.C, 2.B.
Vestigial Structures: Identify the structure best interpreted as a reduced remnant inherited from an ancestor. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.B; EK 7.6.B.1; SP 1.C; Topic 7.6: Evidence of Evolution.
DNA Sequence Evidence: Which pair of organisms is predicted to share the most recent common ancestor based on nucleotide-sequence similarity? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.B; EK 7.6.B.2; SP 2.B, 5.A - Topic 7.6: Evidence of Evolution: Which pair of organisms is predicted to share the most recent common ancestor based on nucleotide-sequence similarity? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.B; EK 7.6.B.2; SP 2.B, 5.A.
Protein Sequence Evidence: Which amino acid sequence comparison provides the strongest evidence of close evolutionary relatedness? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.B; EK 7.6.B.2; SP 2.B, 5.A - Topic 7.6: Evidence of Evolution: Which amino acid sequence comparison provides the strongest evidence of close evolutionary relatedness? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.B; EK 7.6.B.2; SP 2.B, 5.A.
Topic 7.6: Evidence of Evolution — Mini Skills
Synthesize Fossil, Morphological, and Molecular Evidence [Mini Skill]: Which proposed evolutionary relationship is best supported when all available evidence types are considered together?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.A, 7.6.B; EK 7.6.A.1, 7.6.B.1, 7.6.B.2; SP 6.B, 6.C - Topic 7.6: Evidence of Evolution — Mini Skills: Which proposed evolutionary relationship is best supported when all available evidence types are considered together? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.6; LO 7.6.A, 7.6.B; EK 7.6.A.1, 7.6.B.1, 7.6.B.2; SP 6.B, 6.C.
Topic 7.7: Common Ancestry
Shared Eukaryotic Organelles: Which structural feature provides evidence that diverse eukaryotes share common ancestry? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.7; LO 7.7.A; EK 7.7.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 7.7: Common Ancestry: Which structural feature provides evidence that diverse eukaryotes share common ancestry? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.7; LO 7.7.A; EK 7.7.A.1; SP 1.A.
Linear Chromosomes in Eukaryotes: Which chromosome organization is a conserved feature supporting common ancestry among eukaryotes?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.7; LO 7.7.A; EK 7.7.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 7.7: Common Ancestry: Which chromosome organization is a conserved feature supporting common ancestry among eukaryotes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.7; LO 7.7.A; EK 7.7.A.1; SP 1.A.
Introns as Molecular Evidence: Which gene feature shared among eukaryotes can be used as evidence of common ancestry?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.7; LO 7.7.A; EK 7.7.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 7.7: Common Ancestry: Which gene feature shared among eukaryotes can be used as evidence of common ancestry? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.7; LO 7.7.A; EK 7.7.A.1; SP 1.B.
Cellular and Molecular Evidence Synthesis: Which set of membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes, and intron-containing genes most strongly supports common ancestry of eukaryotes? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.7; LO 7.7.A; EK 7.7.A.1; SP 6.B - Topic 7.7: Common Ancestry: Which set of membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes, and intron-containing genes most strongly supports common ancestry of eukaryotes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.7; LO 7.7.A; EK 7.7.A.1; SP 6.B.
Topic 7.8: Continuing Evolution
Genomic Change Through Time: Which sequence comparison provides evidence that a lineage continues to evolve over time? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.8; LO 7.8.A; EK 7.8.A.1; SP 2.B, 4.B - Topic 7.8: Continuing Evolution: Which sequence comparison provides evidence that a lineage continues to evolve over time? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.8; LO 7.8.A; EK 7.8.A.1; SP 2.B, 4.B.
Evolution in the Fossil Record: Which fossil pattern best supports continuous evolutionary change or lineage replacement through time? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.8; LO 7.8.A; EK 7.8.A.1; SP 2.B, 4.B - Topic 7.8: Continuing Evolution: Which fossil pattern best supports continuous evolutionary change or lineage replacement through time? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.8; LO 7.8.A; EK 7.8.A.1; SP 2.B, 4.B.
Evolution of Resistance: Which data pattern best demonstrates natural selection increasing resistance to an antibiotic, pesticide, herbicide, or chemotherapy drug? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.8; LO 7.8.A; EK 7.8.A.1; SP 4.B, 6.C - Topic 7.8: Continuing Evolution: Which data pattern best demonstrates natural selection increasing resistance to an antibiotic, pesticide, herbicide, or chemotherapy drug? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.8; LO 7.8.A; EK 7.8.A.1; SP 4.B, 6.C.
Emergent Diseases and Pathogen Evolution: Which change in a pathogen population is most likely to contribute to an emerging disease?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.8; LO 7.8.A; EK 7.8.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 7.8: Continuing Evolution: Which change in a pathogen population is most likely to contribute to an emerging disease? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.8; LO 7.8.A; EK 7.8.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Topic 7.9: Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Trees as Testable Hypotheses: Which statement correctly describes a phylogenetic tree or cladogram as a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.A; EK 7.9.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 7.9: Phylogeny: Which statement correctly describes a phylogenetic tree or cladogram as a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.A; EK 7.9.A.1; SP 1.B.
Trees Versus Cladograms: Distinguish a time- or change-calibrated phylogenetic tree from a cladogram that shows branching order only. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.A; EK 7.9.A.2; SP 2.A, 2.B; Topic 7.9: Phylogeny: Which comparison correctly distinguishes a time- or change-calibrated phylogenetic tree from a cladogram that shows branching order only? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.A; EK 7.9.A.2; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Shared Derived Characters: Which trait is a shared derived character that supports grouping the indicated lineages in a clade? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.A; EK 7.9.A.3; SP 2.B - Topic 7.9: Phylogeny: Which trait is a shared derived character that supports grouping the indicated lineages in a clade? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.A; EK 7.9.A.3; SP 2.B.
Outgroup Identification: Which lineage is the appropriate outgroup based on being least closely related to the remaining taxa? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.A; EK 7.9.A.3; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 7.9: Phylogeny: Which lineage is the appropriate outgroup based on being least closely related to the remaining taxa? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.A; EK 7.9.A.3; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Molecular Versus Morphological Data: Which evidence should receive greater weight when molecular and morphological characters produce conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.A; EK 7.9.A.3; SP 6.B, 6.C - Topic 7.9: Phylogeny: Which evidence should receive greater weight when molecular and morphological characters produce conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.A; EK 7.9.A.3; SP 6.B, 6.C.
Nodes and Most Recent Common Ancestors: Which node represents the most recent common ancestor of the specified lineages? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.B; EK 7.9.B.1; SP 2.A - Topic 7.9: Phylogeny: Which node represents the most recent common ancestor of the specified lineages? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.B; EK 7.9.B.1; SP 2.A.
Infer Relatedness from Branching Order: Which pair of taxa is most closely related based on the topology of the tree rather than their visual proximity on the page?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.B; EK 7.9.B.1; SP 2.B - Topic 7.9: Phylogeny: Which pair of taxa is most closely related based on the topology of the tree rather than their visual proximity on the page? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.B; EK 7.9.B.1; SP 2.B.
Construct a Tree from Character Data: Which cladogram is most consistent with the distribution of morphological or molecular characters in the data table? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.B; EK 7.9.B.2; SP 2.D, 5.A - Topic 7.9: Phylogeny: Which cladogram is most consistent with the distribution of morphological or molecular characters in the data table? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.B; EK 7.9.B.2; SP 2.D, 5.A.
Revise Phylogenetic Hypotheses: Which new evidence would most strongly justify revising the proposed phylogenetic tree?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.B; EK 7.9.B.3; SP 3.D, 6.B - Topic 7.9: Phylogeny: Which new evidence would most strongly justify revising the proposed phylogenetic tree? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.9; LO 7.9.B; EK 7.9.B.3; SP 3.D, 6.B.
Topic 7.10: Speciation
Reproductive Isolation and Speciation: Which outcome most clearly indicates that two populations have become reproductively isolated? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.A; EK 7.10.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.10: Speciation: Which outcome most clearly indicates that two populations have become reproductively isolated? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.A; EK 7.10.A.1; SP 1.C.
Biological Species Concept: Which group meets the biological species concept by producing viable, fertile offspring through interbreeding? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.A; EK 7.10.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 7.10: Speciation: Which group meets the biological species concept by producing viable, fertile offspring through interbreeding? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.A; EK 7.10.A.2; SP 1.C.
Punctuated Equilibrium and Gradualism: Which fossil or trait-change pattern is most consistent with punctuated equilibrium or gradualism? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.B; EK 7.10.B.1; SP 2.B, 4.B - Topic 7.10: Speciation: Which fossil or trait-change pattern is most consistent with punctuated equilibrium or gradualism? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.B; EK 7.10.B.1; SP 2.B, 4.B.
Divergent Evolution and Adaptive Radiation: Which branching pattern best represents diversification as populations adapt to newly available habitats?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.B; EK 7.10.B.2; SP 2.B - Topic 7.10: Speciation: Which branching pattern best represents diversification as populations adapt to newly available habitats? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.B; EK 7.10.B.2; SP 2.B..
Convergent Evolution: Which similarity is best explained by independent adaptation to similar selective pressures rather than recent common ancestry? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.B; EK 7.10.B.3; SP 1.C - Topic 7.10: Speciation: Which similarity is best explained by independent adaptation to similar selective pressures rather than recent common ancestry? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.B; EK 7.10.B.3; SP 1.C.
Allopatric Speciation: Which scenario best illustrates speciation initiated by geographic isolation? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.C; EK 7.10.C.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.10: Speciation: Which scenario best illustrates speciation initiated by geographic isolation? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.C; EK 7.10.C.1; SP 1.C.
Sympatric Speciation: Which scenario best illustrates reproductive isolation arising despite geographic overlap?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.C; EK 7.10.C.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.10: Speciation: Which scenario best illustrates reproductive isolation arising despite geographic overlap? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.C; EK 7.10.C.1; SP 1.C..
Prezygotic Isolation: Which barrier prevents mating or fertilization before a zygote forms? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.C; EK 7.10.C.2; SP 1.C - Topic 7.10: Speciation: Which barrier prevents mating or fertilization before a zygote forms? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.C; EK 7.10.C.2; SP 1.C.
Postzygotic Isolation: Which barrier reduces hybrid viability or fertility after fertilization? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.C; EK 7.10.C.2; SP 1.C - Topic 7.10: Speciation: Which barrier reduces hybrid viability or fertility after fertilization? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.C; EK 7.10.C.2; SP 1.C.
Topic 7.10: Speciation — Mini Skills
Speciation Pathway Analysis [Mini Skill]: Which sequence best connects isolation, reduced gene flow, divergence, and the origin of a new species?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.A, 7.10.B, 7.10.C; EK 7.10.A.1, 7.10.A.2, 7.10.B.1, 7.10.B.2, 7.10.B.3, 7.10.C.1, 7.10.C.2; SP 2.D, 6.C - Topic 7.10: Speciation — Mini Skills: Which sequence best connects isolation, reduced gene flow, divergence, and the origin of a new species? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.10; LO 7.10.A, 7.10.B, 7.10.C; EK 7.10.A.1, 7.10.A.2, 7.10.B.1, 7.10.B.2, 7.10.B.3, 7.10.C.1, 7.10.C.2; SP 2.D, 6.C.
Topic 7.11: Variations in Populations
Genetic Diversity and Environmental Response: Which population is most likely to contain individuals able to survive a new environmental pressure because of greater genetic diversity?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.11; LO 7.11.A; EK 7.11.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.11: Variations in Populations: Which population is most likely to contain individuals able to survive a new environmental pressure because of greater genetic diversity? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.11; LO 7.11.A; EK 7.11.A.1; SP 1.C.
Low Diversity and Extinction Risk: Which prediction best describes why a genetically uniform population may decline after disease or environmental change?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.11; LO 7.11.A; EK 7.11.A.1; SP 6.E - Topic 7.11: Variations in Populations: Which prediction best describes why a genetically uniform population may decline after disease or environmental change? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.11; LO 7.11.A; EK 7.11.A.1; SP 6.E.
Context-Dependent Allele Effects: Which allele can be advantageous in one environment but detrimental in another because selective pressures differ? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.11; LO 7.11.A; EK 7.11.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 7.11: Variations in Populations: Which allele can be advantageous in one environment but detrimental in another because selective pressures differ? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.11; LO 7.11.A; EK 7.11.A.1; SP 1.C.
Topic 7.11: Variations in Populations — Mini Skills
Diversity and Resilience Data [Mini Skill]: Which data pattern provides the strongest evidence that genetic diversity increases population resilience?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.11; LO 7.11.A; EK 7.11.A.1; SP 4.B, 6.B - Topic 7.11: Variations in Populations — Mini Skills: Which data pattern provides the strongest evidence that genetic diversity increases population resilience? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.11; LO 7.11.A; EK 7.11.A.1; SP 4.B, 6.B.
Topic 7.12: Origins of Life on Earth
Geological Timeline for the Origin of Life: Which sequence correctly places Earth's formation, the end of highly hostile early conditions, and the earliest fossil evidence of life? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.12; LO 7.12.A; EK 7.12.A.1; SP 2.D - Topic 7.12: Origins of Life on Earth: Which sequence correctly places Earth's formation, the end of highly hostile early conditions, and the earliest fossil evidence of life? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.12; LO 7.12.A; EK 7.12.A.1; SP 2.D.
Evidence-Based Date Range for Life’s Origin: Which time interval is most plausible for the origin of life based on geological and fossil evidence? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.12; LO 7.12.A; EK 7.12.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.B - Topic 7.12: Origins of Life on Earth: Which time interval is most plausible for the origin of life based on geological and fossil evidence? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.12; LO 7.12.A; EK 7.12.A.1; SP 1.C, 6.B.
RNA World Hypothesis: Which statement best describes RNA as an early molecule capable of storing information and supporting replication before protein catalysts evolved?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.12; LO 7.12.A; EK 7.12.A.2; SP 1.B - Topic 7.12: Origins of Life on Earth: Which statement best describes RNA as an early molecule capable of storing information and supporting replication before protein catalysts evolved? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.12; LO 7.12.A; EK 7.12.A.2; SP 1.B.
Base Pairing in Early Replication: Which molecular property is essential to the RNA world model because it permits template-directed copying?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 7.12; LO 7.12.A; EK 7.12.A.2; SP 1.B, 2.B - Topic 7.12: Origins of Life on Earth: Which molecular property is essential to the RNA world model because it permits template-directed copying? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 7.12; LO 7.12.A; EK 7.12.A.2; SP 1.B, 2.B.
Topic 8.1: Responses to the Environment
Behavioral Responses to Environmental Change: Which behavior is most likely to increase an organism's ability to respond to the stated external environmental cue? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.A; EK 8.1.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 8.1: Responses to the Environment: Which behavior is most likely to increase an organism's ability to respond to the stated external environmental cue? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.A; EK 8.1.A.1; SP 1.C.
Physiological Responses to Environmental Change: Which physiological adjustment best maintains function after an internal or external condition changes?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.A; EK 8.1.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 8.1: Responses to the Environment: Which physiological adjustment best maintains function after an internal or external condition changes? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.A; EK 8.1.A.1; SP 1.C.
Information Exchange and Behavior: Which observation best demonstrates organisms exchanging information that changes the behavior of a receiver? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.A; EK 8.1.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 8.1: Responses to the Environment: Which observation best demonstrates organisms exchanging information that changes the behavior of a receiver? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.A; EK 8.1.A.2; SP 1.C.
Communication Modalities: Which signal is correctly classified as visual, audible, tactile, electrical, or chemical? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.B; EK 8.1.B.1; SP 1.A - Topic 8.1: Responses to the Environment: Which signal is correctly classified as visual, audible, tactile, electrical, or chemical?
Signaling and Reproductive Success: Which signaling behavior is most likely to increase reproductive success through dominance, food location, territoriality, or mate attraction? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.B; EK 8.1.B.1; SP 1.C - Topic 8.1: Responses to the Environment: Which signaling behavior is most likely to increase reproductive success through dominance, food location, territoriality, or mate attraction? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.B; EK 8.1.B.1; SP 1.C.
Innate and Learned Behavior: Which behavior is most likely to be favored because it increases survival or reproductive success? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.B; EK 8.1.B.2; SP 1.C - Topic 8.1: Responses to the Environment: Which behavior is most likely to be favored because it increases survival or reproductive success? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.B; EK 8.1.B.2; SP 1.C.
Cooperative Behavior and Fitness: Which explanation best describes how cooperation can increase individual fitness or population survival?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.B; EK 8.1.B.2; SP 1.B - Topic 8.1: Responses to the Environment: Which explanation best describes how cooperation can increase individual fitness or population survival? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.B; EK 8.1.B.2; SP 1.B.
Topic 8.1: Responses to the Environment — Mini Skills
Behavioral Experiment Analysis [Mini Skill]: Which experimental design best tests how a cue affects organism behavior while controlling alternative explanations?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.A, 8.1.B; EK 8.1.A.1, 8.1.A.2, 8.1.B.1, 8.1.B.2; SP 3.C, 4.B, 5.D - Topic 8.1: Responses to the Environment — Mini Skills: Which experimental design best tests how a cue affects organism behavior while controlling alternative explanations? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.1; LO 8.1.A, 8.1.B; EK 8.1.A.1, 8.1.A.2, 8.1.B.1, 8.1.B.2; SP 3.C, 4.B, 5.D.
Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems
Energy Use for Organization and Homeostasis: Which energy budget best supports growth, reproduction, and maintenance of homeostasis? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.A; EK 8.2.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which energy budget best supports growth, reproduction, and maintenance of homeostasis? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.A; EK 8.2.A.1; SP 1.C.
Endotherms and Ectotherms: Which comparison correctly distinguishes metabolic heat production in endotherms from mainly behavioral temperature regulation in ectotherms? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.A; EK 8.2.A.1; SP 1.B - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which comparison correctly distinguishes metabolic heat production in endotherms from mainly behavioral temperature regulation in ectotherms? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.A; EK 8.2.A.1; SP 1.B.
Net Energy Gain and Loss: Which prediction correctly relates a net energy gain or loss to changes in mass, growth, reproduction, or survival? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.A; EK 8.2.A.1; SP 6.E - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which prediction correctly relates a net energy gain or loss to changes in mass, growth, reproduction, or survival? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.A; EK 8.2.A.1; SP 6.E.
Energy Availability and Reproductive Strategy: Which reproductive strategy is most consistent with the stated change in energy availability? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.A; EK 8.2.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which reproductive strategy is most consistent with the stated change in energy availability? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.A; EK 8.2.A.2; SP 1.C.
Ecological Levels of Organization: Which example is correctly classified as a population, community, ecosystem, or biome? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.1; SP 1.A - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which example is correctly classified as a population, community, ecosystem, or biome? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.1; SP 1.A.
Energy Flow and Matter Cycling: Which statement correctly distinguishes one-way energy flow from repeated cycling of matter and nutrients? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.2; SP 1.B - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which statement correctly distinguishes one-way energy flow from repeated cycling of matter and nutrients? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.2; SP 1.B.
Abiotic and Biotic Reservoirs: Which model correctly identifies reservoirs and transfer processes in a biogeochemical cycle? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.3; SP 2.A, 2.B - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which model correctly identifies reservoirs and transfer processes in a biogeochemical cycle? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.3; SP 2.A, 2.B.
Hydrologic Cycle: Which pathway correctly traces water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration, and major reservoirs? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.4; SP 2.D - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems.
Carbon Cycle: Which pathway correctly traces carbon through photosynthesis, cellular respiration, decomposition, and combustion?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.5; SP 2.D - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which pathway correctly traces carbon through photosynthesis, cellular respiration, decomposition, and combustion? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.5; SP 2.D.
Nitrogen Cycle: Which sequence correctly identifies nitrogen fixation, assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.6; SP 2.D - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which sequence correctly identifies nitrogen fixation, assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.6; SP 2.D.
Phosphorus Cycle: Which pathway correctly traces phosphate from rock weathering through producers and consumers and back through waste or decomposition? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.B; EK 8.2.B.7; SP 2.D - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems.
Energy Availability and Population Size: Which prediction best describes how increasing or decreasing available energy can alter population size? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.C; EK 8.2.C.1; SP 6.E - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which prediction best describes how increasing or decreasing available energy can alter population size? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.C; EK 8.2.C.1; SP 6.E.
Energy Resources and Trophic Structure: Which prediction best describes how a change in sunlight or producer biomass affects the number or size of higher trophic levels? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.C; EK 8.2.C.2; SP 2.C, 6.E - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which prediction best describes how a change in sunlight or producer biomass affects the number or size of higher trophic levels? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.C; EK 8.2.C.2; SP 2.C, 6.E.
Trophic-Level Identification: Which organism is correctly classified as a producer, primary consumer, higher-level consumer, or decomposer in the food web? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.C; EK 8.2.C.2; SP 2.A - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which organism is correctly classified as a producer, primary consumer, higher-level consumer, or decomposer in the food web? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.C; EK 8.2.C.2; SP 2.A.
Autotroph Energy Capture: Which process correctly distinguishes photosynthetic energy capture from chemosynthetic energy capture? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.D; EK 8.2.D.1; SP 1.B - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which process correctly distinguishes photosynthetic energy capture from chemosynthetic energy capture? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.D; EK 8.2.D.1; SP 1.B.
Primary Productivity: Which measurement best estimates the rate at which autotrophs store energy in organic matter?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.D; EK 8.2.D.1; SP 1.C, 5.A - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which measurement best estimates the rate at which autotrophs store energy in organic matter? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.D; EK 8.2.D.1; SP 1.C, 5.A.
Heterotroph Energy Acquisition: Which explanation best describes how heterotrophs obtain energy and matter by consuming organic compounds ultimately derived from autotrophs?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.D; EK 8.2.D.2; SP 1.B - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems: Which explanation best describes how heterotrophs obtain energy and matter by consuming organic compounds ultimately derived from autotrophs? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.D; EK 8.2.D.2; SP 1.B.
Food-Web Energy Pathways: Which path correctly traces energy from an autotroph through consumers, scavengers, or decomposers? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.D; EK 8.2.D.1, 8.2.D.2; SP 2.B, 2.D - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems.
Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems — Mini Skills
Ecosystem Energy-Flow Perturbation [Mini Skill]: Which prediction best describes cascading effects after a producer, consumer, or decomposer changes in abundance?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.C, 8.2.D; EK 8.2.C.1, 8.2.C.2, 8.2.D.1, 8.2.D.2; SP 2.C, 6.E - Topic 8.2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems — Mini Skills: Which prediction best describes cascading effects after a producer, consumer, or decomposer changes in abundance? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.2; LO 8.2.C, 8.2.D; EK 8.2.C.1, 8.2.C.2, 8.2.D.1, 8.2.D.2; SP 2.C, 6.E..
Topic 8.3: Population Ecology
Population Definition and Interactions: Which group is correctly identified as a population of one species interacting with each other and the environment? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.3; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 8.3: Population Ecology: Which group is correctly identified as a population of one species interacting with each other and the environment? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.3; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.1; SP 1.A.
Adaptations for Acquiring Energy and Matter: Which adaptation best supports resource acquisition and use in the stated environment?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.3; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 8.3: Population Ecology: Which adaptation best supports resource acquisition and use in the stated environment? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.3; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.2; SP 1.C.
Population Growth from Births and Deaths: Which calculation correctly determines change in population size from birth and death rates? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.3; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.2; SP 5.A - Topic 8.3: Population Ecology: Which calculation correctly determines change in population size from birth and death rates? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.3; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.2; SP 5.A.
Interpret Population-Growth Rate: Which statement correctly interprets a positive, zero, or negative value of population growth rate?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.3; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.2; SP 5.A, 6.D - Topic 8.3: Population Ecology: Which statement correctly interprets a positive, zero, or negative value of population growth rate? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.3; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.2; SP 5.A, 6.D.
Topic 8.3: Population Ecology — Mini Skills
Population-Growth Data [Mini Skill]: Which graph best represents the population change predicted from the reported births, deaths, and starting population size?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.3; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.1, 8.3.A.2; SP 4.A, 5.A - Topic 8.3: Population Ecology — Mini Skills: Which graph best represents the population change predicted from the reported births, deaths, and starting population size? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.3; LO 8.3.A; EK 8.3.A.1, 8.3.A.2; SP 4.A, 5.A.
Topic 8.4: Effect of Density on Populations
Carrying Capacity: Which population size represents the sustainable abundance supported by the ecosystem's available resources? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 8.4: Effect of Density on Populations: Which population size represents the sustainable abundance supported by the ecosystem's available resources? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.1; SP 1.C.
Density-Dependent Limits: Which factor becomes stronger as population density increases and therefore limits population growth? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 8.4: Effect of Density on Populations: Which factor becomes stronger as population density increases and therefore limits population growth? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.2; SP 1.C.
Density-Independent Limits: Which factor affects population size largely regardless of population density?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 8.4: Effect of Density on Populations: Which factor affects population size largely regardless of population density? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.2; SP 1.C.
Logistic Growth Curve: Which graph correctly shows rapid growth followed by slowing and stabilization near carrying capacity?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.2; SP 2.A, 4.B - Topic 8.4: Effect of Density on Populations: Which graph correctly shows rapid growth followed by slowing and stabilization near carrying capacity? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.2; SP 2.A, 4.B.
Calculate Logistic Growth: Which calculation correctly uses population size, carrying capacity, and maximum per-capita growth rate to determine logistic growth?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.2; SP 5.A - Topic 8.4: Effect of Density on Populations: Which calculation correctly uses population size, carrying capacity, and maximum per-capita growth rate to determine logistic growth? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.2; SP 5.A.
Population Overshoot and Recovery: Which prediction best describes a population that temporarily exceeds carrying capacity and depletes limiting resources?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.1, 8.4.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E - Topic 8.4: Effect of Density on Populations: Which prediction best describes a population that temporarily exceeds carrying capacity and depletes limiting resources? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.1, 8.4.A.2; SP 1.C, 6.E.
Topic 8.4: Effect of Density on Populations — Mini Skills
Compare Exponential and Logistic Models [Mini Skill]: Which population pattern is better represented by exponential growth or logistic growth under the stated resource conditions? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.1, 8.4.A.2; SP 2.B, 5.A - Topic 8.4: Effect of Density on Populations — Mini Skills: Which population pattern is better represented by exponential growth or logistic growth under the stated resource conditions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.4; LO 8.4.A; EK 8.4.A.1, 8.4.A.2; SP 2.B, 5.A.
Topic 8.5: Community Ecology
Species Composition: Which description correctly identifies the species present and their relative representation in a community?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.A; EK 8.5.A.1; SP 1.A - Topic 8.5: Community Ecology: Which description correctly identifies the species present and their relative representation in a community? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.A; EK 8.5.A.1; SP 1.A..
Species Diversity: Which community has greater diversity based on richness and relative abundance rather than species count alone? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.A; EK 8.5.A.1; SP 1.C, 4.B - Topic 8.5: Community Ecology: Which community has greater diversity based on richness and relative abundance rather than species count alone? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.A; EK 8.5.A.1; SP 1.C, 4.B.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index: Which calculation correctly determines Simpson’s diversity index from species-abundance data? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.A; EK 8.5.A.1; SP 5.A - Topic 8.5: Community Ecology: Which calculation correctly determines Simpson’s diversity index from species-abundance data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.A; EK 8.5.A.1; SP 5.A.
Communities Change Through Interactions: Which evidence best supports the conclusion that interactions among populations changed community structure over time?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.1; SP 4.B, 6.B - Topic 8.5: Community Ecology: Which evidence best supports the conclusion that interactions among populations changed community structure over time? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.1; SP 4.B, 6.B.
Access to Energy and Matter: Which interaction most directly changes how two populations obtain energy or material resources?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.2; SP 1.C - Topic 8.5: Community Ecology: Which interaction most directly changes how two populations obtain energy or material resources? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.2; SP 1.C..
Predator-Prey Dynamics: Which paired population graph is most consistent with a predator-prey interaction? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.3, 8.5.B.4; SP 2.B, 4.B - Topic 8.5: Community Ecology: Which paired population graph is most consistent with a predator-prey interaction?
Cooperation and Trophic Cascades: Which community change is best explained by cooperation or a trophic cascade?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.3; SP 1.C, 2.C - Topic 8.5: Community Ecology: Which community change is best explained by cooperation or a trophic cascade? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.3; SP 1.C, 2.C..
Niche Partitioning: Which resource-use pattern best demonstrates species reducing competition by occupying different niches?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.3; SP 1.C - Topic 8.5: Community Ecology: Which resource-use pattern best demonstrates species reducing competition by occupying different niches? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.3; SP 1.C.
Competition: Which population outcome is most consistent with both species being negatively affected by competition for a limiting resource? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.4; SP 1.C - Topic 8.5: Community Ecology: Which population outcome is most consistent with both species being negatively affected by competition for a limiting resource? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.4; SP 1.C.
Parasitism, Mutualism, and Commensalism: Which sign pattern and biological scenario correctly identify parasitism, mutualism, or commensalism?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.4; SP 1.C, 2.B - Topic 8.5: Community Ecology: Which sign pattern and biological scenario correctly identify parasitism, mutualism, or commensalism? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.4; SP 1.C, 2.B..
Topic 8.5: Community Ecology — Mini Skills
Community-Interaction Model Analysis [Mini Skill]: Which interaction network best predicts the observed change after one population increases or decreases?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.1, 8.5.B.2, 8.5.B.3, 8.5.B.4; SP 2.C, 6.E - Topic 8.5: Community Ecology — Mini Skills: Which interaction network best predicts the observed change after one population increases or decreases? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.5; LO 8.5.B; EK 8.5.B.1, 8.5.B.2, 8.5.B.3, 8.5.B.4; SP 2.C, 6.E.
Topic 8.6: Biodiversity
Diversity and Ecosystem Resilience: Which ecosystem is most likely to recover from environmental change because it contains more diverse components and interactions? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.6; LO 8.6.A; EK 8.6.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 8.6: Biodiversity: Which ecosystem is most likely to recover from environmental change because it contains more diverse components and interactions? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.6; LO 8.6.A; EK 8.6.A.1; SP 1.C.
Low-Diversity Ecosystems: Which prediction best explains why a simplified natural or artificial ecosystem may be less resilient to disruption? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.6; LO 8.6.A; EK 8.6.A.1; SP 6.E - Topic 8.6: Biodiversity: Which prediction best explains why a simplified natural or artificial ecosystem may be less resilient to disruption? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.6; LO 8.6.A; EK 8.6.A.1; SP 6.E.
Components Maintaining Biodiversity: Which combination of producers, keystone species, and abiotic or biotic factors most directly supports ecosystem diversity? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.6; LO 8.6.A; EK 8.6.A.2; SP 1.C - Topic 8.6: Biodiversity: Which combination of producers, keystone species, and abiotic or biotic factors most directly supports ecosystem diversity? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.6; LO 8.6.A; EK 8.6.A.2; SP 1.C.
Keystone Species: Which species has an ecosystem effect disproportionate to its abundance and is therefore most likely a keystone species? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.6; LO 8.6.B; EK 8.6.B.1; SP 1.C, 4.B - Topic 8.6: Biodiversity.
Keystone-Species Removal: Which short- and long-term changes are most likely after removal of a keystone species? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.6; LO 8.6.B; EK 8.6.B.1; SP 2.C, 6.E - Topic 8.6: Biodiversity: Which short- and long-term changes are most likely after removal of a keystone species? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.6; LO 8.6.B; EK 8.6.B.1; SP 2.C, 6.E.
Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems
Adaptation in a Particular Environment: Which genetic variation qualifies as an adaptation because selection favors it and it increases advantage in the stated environment?. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.A; EK 8.7.A.1; SP 1.C - Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems: Which genetic variation qualifies as an adaptation because selection favors it and it increases advantage in the stated environment? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.A; EK 8.7.A.1; SP 1.C.
Heterozygote Advantage: Which genotype-frequency or fitness pattern demonstrates higher relative fitness of the heterozygote than either homozygote? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.A; EK 8.7.A.2; SP 4.B, 6.B - Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems.
Mutations Are Not Directed: Which explanation best rejects the claim that an environmental pressure causes the specific beneficial mutation needed by a population? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.A; EK 8.7.A.3; SP 6.C - Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems: Which explanation best rejects the claim that an environmental pressure causes the specific beneficial mutation needed by a population? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.A; EK 8.7.A.3; SP 6.C.
Invasive Species and Enemy Release: identifying introduced species that exploit a niche with few predators or competitors. Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.B; EK 8.7.B.1; SP 1.C - Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems.
Invasive Species and Native Competition: Which community change is most likely when an invasive species outcompetes native species for limiting resources? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.B; EK 8.7.B.1; SP 6.E - Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems: Which community change is most likely when an invasive species outcompetes native species for limiting resources? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.B; EK 8.7.B.1; SP 6.E.
Biomagnification: Which food-chain pattern correctly shows an environmental contaminant reaching higher concentrations at higher trophic levels? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.C; EK 8.7.C.1; SP 2.B, 4.B - Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems: Which food-chain pattern correctly shows an environmental contaminant reaching higher concentrations at higher trophic levels? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.C; EK 8.7.C.1; SP 2.B, 4.B.
Eutrophication: Which sequence correctly connects nutrient enrichment to algal growth, decomposition, oxygen depletion, and ecosystem damage? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.C; EK 8.7.C.1; SP 2.D, 6.C - Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems: Which sequence correctly connects nutrient enrichment to algal growth, decomposition, oxygen depletion, and ecosystem damage? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.C; EK 8.7.C.1; SP 2.D, 6.C.
Human-Accelerated Ecosystem Change: Which human activity most directly accelerates local or global ecosystem change and increases extinction risk? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.C; EK 8.7.C.1; SP 1.C - Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems: Which human activity most directly accelerates local or global ecosystem change and increases extinction risk? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.C; EK 8.7.C.1; SP 1.C.
Geological and Meteorological Disturbance: Which change in habitat or ecosystem distribution is best explained by a geological or meteorological event? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.D; EK 8.7.D.1; SP 1.C - Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems: Which change in habitat or ecosystem distribution is best explained by a geological or meteorological event? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.D; EK 8.7.D.1; SP 1.C.
Biogeographical Evidence of Ecosystem Change: Which distribution pattern provides the strongest evidence that physical Earth processes altered habitats over time? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.D; EK 8.7.D.1; SP 2.B, 6.B - Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems: Which distribution pattern provides the strongest evidence that physical Earth processes altered habitats over time? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.D; EK 8.7.D.1; SP 2.B, 6.B.
Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems — Mini Skills
Ecosystem Disruption Data [Mini Skill]: Which conclusion about an invasive species, pollutant, nutrient input, or physical disturbance is best supported by the ecosystem data? Aligned to College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025 Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.A, 8.7.B, 8.7.C, 8.7.D; EK 8.7.A.1, 8.7.A.2, 8.7.A.3, 8.7.B.1, 8.7.C.1, 8.7.D.1; SP 4.B, 5.D, 6.C - Topic 8.7: Disruptions in Ecosystems — Mini Skills: Which conclusion about an invasive species, pollutant, nutrient input, or physical disturbance is best supported by the ecosystem data? Alignment details: College Board AP Biology CED, Effective Fall 2025; Topic 8.7; LO 8.7.A, 8.7.B, 8.7.C, 8.7.D; EK 8.7.A.1, 8.7.A.2, 8.7.A.3, 8.7.B.1, 8.7.C.1, 8.7.D.1; SP 4.B, 5.D, 6.C.